Country code top-level domain

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today, ccTLDs make up 40% of the total domain name industry.[1] Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered first extensions that year were .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom), and .il (Israel).[2] There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for 64.3% of registered ccTLD domains and there were 156.5 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2021.[3]

Delegation and management

IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[4] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the Canadian (ca) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.

History

The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered were .uk and .il in 1985. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .kr, .nl, .jp and .se were also registered in 1986.[5]

Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. This number is 316, as of June 2020, with the addition of internationalized domains.[6]

Latin Character ccTLDs

**Table columns – legend**
Name	DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes `bv`, `bl`, `mf`, `sj`, `gb`, and `um` are not used for country code top-level domains.
Entity	Country, dependency, or region
Explanation	Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany).
Notes	General remarks
Registry	Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN	Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC	Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD	Allows second-level domain registration (restrictions may apply)
IPv6	Registry fully supports IPv6 access

Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name[7]	Entity	Explanation	Notes	Registry[7]	IDN	DNSSEC	SLD	IPv6
.ac	Ascension Island (United Kingdom)	Ascension Island	Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, `.ac` is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries.	Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.ad	Andorra	Andorra	Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required[8][9]	Nic.ad	No	Yes	Yes
.ae	United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates		.aeDA	No	No	Yes
.af	Afghanistan	Afghanistan			No	Yes	Yes
.ag	Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda	Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft).		No	Yes	Yes
.ai	Anguilla (United Kingdom)	Anguilla	Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence).		No	No	Yes
.al	Albania	Albania	Citizenship no longer required.		No	No	Yes
.am	Armenia	Armenia	Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business.		No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.ao	Angola	Angola			No	No	Unknown
.aq	Antarctica	Antarctique	Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica.		?	No	Yes	?
.ar	Argentina	Argentina			Spanish[upper-alpha 1]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.as	American Samoa (United States)	American Samoa	In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain.		Yes	No	Yes
.at	Austria	Austria		Nic.at	Yes[upper-alpha 2]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.au	Australia	Australia	Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[12] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[13]	auDA	No	Yes	Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[13]	Yes
.aw	Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Aruba, West Indies	Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens		No	Yes	Yes
.ax	Åland (Finland)	`.al` and `.ad` already allocated			No	Yes	Yes
.az	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan	Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server.		No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.ba	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina		University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba	No	No	Yes
.bb	Barbados	Barbados			No	No	Yes
.bd	Bangladesh	Bangladesh	For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh.		Yes	No	Yes
.be	Belgium	Belgium	Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland		Latin[14]	Yes	Yes	Yes[15]
.bf	Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso			No	No	Yes
.bg	Bulgaria	Bulgaria	See also .бг (`.bg` in cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD		Yes	Yes	Yes
.bh	Bahrain	Bahrain			No	Yes	Yes
.bi	Burundi	Burundi			No	No	Yes
.bj	Benin	`.be`, `.bn`, and `.bi` already allocated			No	No	Yes
.bm	Bermuda (United Kingdom)	Bermuda	Local corporate registration required		No	Yes	Yes
.bn	Brunei	Brunei			No	No	No
.bo	Bolivia	Bolivia			No	No	Yes
.bq	Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius)	`.be` and `.bs` already allocated
.br	Brazil	Brasil	Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: `.edu.br` for higher education institutions, `.gov.br` for government agencies, etc.).[16]		Yes[17]	Yes	No[upper-alpha 3]
.bs	Bahamas	Bahamas			No	No	Yes
.bt	Bhutan	Bhutan	Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[18]		No	Yes	No
.bw	Botswana	Botswana	May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium		No	Yes	Yes
.by	Belarus	Byelorussia	Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany		No	Yes	Yes
.bz	Belize	Belize	Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st)		No	Yes	Yes
.ca	Canada	Canada	Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California.		French[19]	Yes	Yes
.cc	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos Islands	Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos islands in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company.		Yes	Yes	Yes
.cd	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Congo, Democratic Republic	Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains.		No	No	Yes
.cf	Central African Republic	Central African Republic	Also used as a free domain service to the public.	Freenom (for free domains)	Yes	No	Yes
.cg	Republic of the Congo	Congo			No	No	Yes
.ch	Switzerland	Confoederatio Helvetica			Yes[upper-alpha 4]	Yes	Yes
.ci	Ivory Coast	Côte d'Ivoire			No	No	Yes
.ck	Cook Islands	Cook Islands			No	No	Yes
.cl	Chile	Chile			Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.cm	Cameroon	Cameroon	A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name.		No	No	Yes
.cn	People's Republic of China	China	A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs. Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.co	Colombia	Colombia	Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register.		No	Yes	Yes
.cr	Costa Rica	Costa Rica			No	Yes	Yes
.cu	Cuba	Cuba			No	No	Yes
.cv	Cape Verde	Cape Verde	Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains.		No	No	Yes
.cw	Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Curaçao, West Indies				No	Unknown
.cx	Christmas Island	Christmas Xmas	Made infamous from Goatse.cx		No	Yes	Yes
.cy	Cyprus	Cyprus			No	No	No
.cz	Czech Republic	Czech			No[upper-alpha 5]	Yes	Yes
.de	Germany	Deutschland	German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed.	DENIC	Yes[upper-alpha 6]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.dj	Djibouti	Djibouti	Also unofficially used by disc jockeys.		No	No	Yes
.dk	Denmark	Danmark		DK Hostmaster	Yes[upper-alpha 7]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.dm	Dominica	Dominica			No	No	Yes
.do	Dominican Republic	Dominican			No	No	Yes
.dz	Algeria	El Djazair / Dzayer			No	Yes	Yes
.ec	Ecuador	Ecuador	In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[24]		No	No	Yes
.ee	Estonia	Eesti			Yes[upper-alpha 8]	Yes	Yes
.eg	Egypt	Egypt			No	No	Yes
.eh	Western Sahara	Español Sahara	Unassigned		No	No	No
.er	Eritrea	Eritrea				No	Yes
.es	Spain	España			Yes[26]	Yes	Yes
.et	Ethiopia	Ethiopia			No	Yes	No
.eu	European Union	Europe	Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use.		Yes[upper-alpha 9]	Yes	Yes	Yes[28]
.fi	Finland	Finland	Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required.		Yes[upper-alpha 10]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.fj	Fiji	Fiji			No	No	Yes
.fk	Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)	Falkland			No	No	No
.fm	Federated States of Micronesia	Federated States of Micronesia	Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business.		Yes	Yes	Yes
.fo	Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark)	Føroyar			No	Yes	Yes
.fr	France	France	Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11]		Yes[30]	Yes	Yes
.ga	Gabon	Gabon	Also used as a free domain service to the public.	Freenom (for free domains)	Yes	No	Yes
.gd	Grenada	Grenada			No	Yes	Yes
.ge	Georgia	Georgia	Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).[31]		No	No	Yes
.gf	French Guiana (France)	Guyane Française			No	No
.gg	Guernsey	`.gu`, `.gs`, and `.gy` already allocated	Also unofficially used by video game related websites (see GG (gaming))		Yes	No	Yes
.gh	Ghana	Ghana			No	No	No
.gi	Gibraltar (United Kingdom)	Gibraltar			No	Yes	Yes
.gl	Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)	Greenland	Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014		No	Yes	Yes
.gm	The Gambia	Gambia	Domain name should match the domain owners name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked.		No	No	Yes
.gn	Guinea	Guinea	A local contact is required		No	Yes	No
.gp	Guadeloupe (France)	Guadeloupe	Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin		No	No	Yes
.gq	Equatorial Guinea	Guinée équatoriale	Also used as a free domain service to the public.		Yes	No
.gr	Greece	Greece			Yes[upper-alpha 12]	Yes	Yes
.gs	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands			No	Yes	Yes
.gt	Guatemala	Guatemala			Yes	No	Yes	Yes
.gu	Guam (United States)	Guam	Registry has been closed since 2017.		No	No	No
.gw	Guinea-Bissau	Gine-Bisaawo			No	Yes	Yes
.gy	Guyana	Guyana			No	Yes	Yes
.hk	Hong Kong	Hong Kong			Yes	Yes	Yes
.hm	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public.		No	No	Yes
.hn	Honduras	Honduras			No	Yes	Yes
.hr	Croatia	Hrvatska			No	Yes	Yes
.ht	Haiti	Haiti			Yes	No	Yes
.hu	Hungary	Hungary	Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU		Yes[33]	Yes	Yes
.id	Indonesia	Indonesia	Restricted to Indonesian companies (`co.id`), organisations (`or.id`), academic (`ac.id` & `sch.id`) and citizens (`biz.id`, `my.id` & `web.id`). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[34]	PANDI (run by Kominfo)	Yes	Yes	Yes
.ie	Ireland	Ireland	In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[35][36]		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.il	Israel	Israel			Yes	Yes	Yes
.im	Isle of Man	Isle of Man			No	No	Yes
.in	India	India	Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for `gov.in`, `nic.in`, `mil.in`, `ac.in`, `edu.in`, `res.in`).	NIXI[37]	Yes[38]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.io	British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)	Indian Ocean	Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks.	NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau)	Yes	Yes	Yes
.iq	Iraq	Iraq			No	Partial[upper-alpha 13]	Yes
.ir	Iran	Iran			Yes	No	Yes
.is	Iceland	Ísland	Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.).		Yes	Yes	Yes
.it	Italy	Italy	Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union.		Yes[39]	Yes[40]	Yes	Yes
.je	Jersey	Jersey			Yes	No	Yes
.jm	Jamaica	Jamaica			No	No	No
.jo	Jordan	Jordan				No	Yes
.jp	Japan	Japan	Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan.		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes[41]
.ke	Kenya	Kenya			No	Yes	No
.kg	Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan			No	Yes	Yes
.kh	Cambodia	Khmer			No	No	No
.ki	Kiribati	Kiribati			No	Yes	Yes
.km	Comoros	Komori			No	No	Yes
.kn	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Saint Kitts and Nevis			No	No	Yes
.kp	North Korea	Korea Democratic People's Republic	Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea.		No	No	No	No
.kr	South Korea	Korea Republic			Yes	Yes	Yes
.kw	Kuwait	Kuwait				Yes	No
.ky	Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)	`.ci` and `.cy` already allocated			No	Yes	Yes
.kz	Kazakhstan	Kazak			Yes	No	Yes
.la	Laos	Lao	Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[42]			Yes	Yes
.lb	Lebanon	Lebanon	Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon			Yes	No
.lc	Saint Lucia	Saint Lucia				Yes	Yes
.li	Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li .		Yes	Yes	Yes
.lk	Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka			Yes	Yes	Yes
.lr	Liberia	Liberia				Partial[upper-alpha 13]	No
.ls	Lesotho	Lesotho				No	No
.lt	Lithuania	Lithuania			Yes	Yes	Yes
.lu	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland		Yes	Yes	Yes
.lv	Latvia	Latvia			Yes	Yes	Yes
.ly	Libya	Libya	Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly.			Yes	Yes
.ma	Morocco	Maroc				Partial[upper-alpha 13]	Yes
.mc	Monaco	Monaco	Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco.			Yes	Yes
.md	Moldova	Moldova	Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova.			Yes	Yes
.me	Montenegro	Montenegro	Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.).			Yes	Yes
.mg	Madagascar	Madagascar	Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar			No	Yes
.mh	Marshall Islands	Marshall				No
.mk	North Macedonia	Makedonija	Restricted to registration with a company in North Macedonia			No	Yes
.ml	Mali	Mali	Also used as a free domain service to the public.	Freenom (for free domains)	Yes	No	Yes
.mm	Myanmar	Myanmar				No	No
.mn	Mongolia	Mongolia	The second-level domains `.gov.mn`, `.org.mn`, and `.edu.mn` are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information.			Yes	Yes
.mo	Macau	Macao	Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.			No	Yes
.mp	Northern Mariana Islands (United States)	Marianas Pacific				No	Yes
.mq	Martinique (France)	Martinique				No	No
.mr	Mauritania	Mauritania	Also unofficially used for Mr.-related domains.			Yes	Yes
.ms	Montserrat (United Kingdom)	Montserrat	Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains.			No	Yes
.mt	Malta	Malta				No	No
.mu	Mauritius	Mauritius				No	Yes
.mv	Maldives	Maldives				No	Yes
.mw	Malawi	Malawi				No	Yes
.mx	Mexico	Mexico				Yes	Yes
.my	Malaysia	Malaysia	Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia	MYNIC	Yes[43]	Yes	Yes
.mz	Mozambique	Mozambique				No	No
.na	Namibia	Namibia				Yes	Yes
.nc	New Caledonia (France)	New Caledonia	Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months.			Yes	Yes
.ne	Niger	Niger	Also unofficially used and marketed as a Lithuanian-language domain hack (for example o.ne, kaip.ne, etc.).			No	Yes
.nf	Norfolk Island	Norfolk				Yes	Yes
.ng	Nigeria	Nigeria				No	Yes
.ni	Nicaragua	Nicaragua				No	No
.nl	Netherlands	Netherlands	First active country-code domain outside the US.[44]		No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.no	Norway	Norway	Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example oh.no, what.no, etc.).		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.np	Nepal	Nepal	All `.np` domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.			No	No
.nr	Nauru	Nauru	Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as `co.nr`.[45]			No	Yes
.nu	Niue	Niue	Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in those languages "nu" means "now".		Yes[46]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.nz	New Zealand	New Zealand			Māori[47]	Yes	Yes[48]	Yes
.om	Oman	Oman	Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact.			Yes	No
.pa	Panama	Panama	Some use in Pennsylvania			No	No
.pe	Peru	Peru	Also unofficially used for Private Equity related businesses.		Yes	Yes	Yes
.pf	French Polynesia (France)	Polynésie française	With Clipperton Island			No	Yes
.pg	Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinea				No	No
.ph	Philippines	Philippines				No	Yes
.pk	Pakistan	Pakistan	Operated by PKNIC since 1992			No	Yes
.pl	Poland	Poland			Yes[49]	Yes	Yes
.pm	Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11]		Yes	Yes
.pn	Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)	Pitcairn	As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem, notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn.			No	Yes
.pr	Puerto Rico (United States)	Puerto Rico				Yes	Yes
.ps	Palestine[51]	Palestine	Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip.			No	Yes
.pt	Portugal	Portugal			Portuguese	Yes	Yes	Yes[52]
.pw	Palau	Pelew			Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes[53]
.py	Paraguay	Paraguay				No	No
.qa	Qatar	Qatar				No	No
.re	Réunion (France)	Réunion	Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11]		Yes[30]	Yes	Yes
.ro	Romania	Romania			Yes[54]	Yes[55]	Yes	Yes[56]
.rs	Serbia	Republika Srbija	See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains.		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.ru	Russia	Russia	See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN.		No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.rw	Rwanda	Rwanda				No	Yes
.sa	Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[57]		Arabic[14]	Yes[58]	Yes	Yes[59]
.sb	Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands, British	Also unofficially used for SpongeBob SquarePants-related domains.			Yes	No
.sc	Seychelles	Seychelles	Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains.			Yes	Yes
.sd	Sudan	Sudan				No	Yes
.se	Sweden	Sweden			Yes[upper-alpha 14]	Yes	Yes	Yes
.sg	Singapore	Singapore	Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland			Yes	Yes
.sh	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)	Saint Helena		NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau)	Yes[61]	Yes	Yes
.si	Slovenia	Slovenia			Yes[upper-alpha 15]	Yes	Yes
.sk	Slovakia	Slovak	Restricted to Slovak companies, organisations, and citizens.			Yes	Yes	Yes
.sl	Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone				Yes	Yes
.sm	San Marino	San Marino	Domain name must be same as company name or trademark.			No	Yes
.sn	Senegal	Senegal	Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register.			Yes	Yes
.so	Somalia	Somalia	Relaunched on 1 November 2010.		No	No	Yes
.sr	Suriname	Suriname				No	Yes
.ss	South Sudan	South Sudan	Added to the DNS root zone in February 2019. Registry is not yet available.			Yes
.st	São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé	Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz).		Yes	No	Yes
.su	Soviet Union	Soviet Union	Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions.		Yes[upper-alpha 16]	Yes	Yes	Yes[64]
.sv	El Salvador	Salvador				No	No
.sx	Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands)	.sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated				Yes	No
.sy	Syria	Syria				No	Yes
.sz	Eswatini	Swaziland	Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses.			No	No
.tc	Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)	Turks Caicos	Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC.			No	Yes
.td	Chad	Tchad	Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only.			No	Yes
.tf	French Southern and Antarctic Lands	Terres australes et antarctiques françaises	Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. Domains must be longer than two characters. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.[upper-alpha 11]		Yes[30]	Yes	Yes
.tg	Togo	Togo				No	Yes
.th	Thailand	Thai			Yes	Yes	No
.tj	Tajikistan	Tajik				No	Yes
.tk	Tokelau	Tokelau	Also used as a free domain service to the public.	Freenom (for free domains)	Yes	No	Yes
.tl	East Timor	Timor-Leste	Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015.			Yes	Yes
.tm	Turkmenistan	Turkmen			Yes[65]	Yes	Yes
.tn	Tunisia	Tunisia	Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu[66]		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.to	Tonga	Tonga	Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it).		Yes	No	Yes
.tr	Turkey	Turkey	.ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus		Yes[upper-alpha 17]	No	Yes	Yes[upper-alpha 18]
.tt	Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad Tobago				Yes	Yes
.tv	Tuvalu	Tuvalu	Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company.			Yes	Yes
.tw	Taiwan	Taiwan	Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent "Taiwan."[69]		Yes[upper-alpha 19]	Yes	Yes
.tz	Tanzania	Tanzania	Must have a presence in Tanzania			Yes	No
.ua	Ukraine	Ukraina	Ukrainian trademark required			Yes	Yes
.ug	Uganda	Uganda				Yes	Yes
.uk	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[71]	Nominet UK		Yes	Yes	Yes
.us	United States of America	United States	Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD.	Neustar		Yes	Yes
.uy	Uruguay	Uruguay	2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[72]			Yes	Yes
.uz	Uzbekistan	Uzbek				No	Yes
.va	Vatican City	Vatican	Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State).			No	No
.vc	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Vincent				Partial[upper-alpha 13]	Yes
.ve	Venezuela	Venezuela	Registration is at the third level.			Yes	No
.vg	British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)	Virgin Islands				Yes	Yes
.vi	United States Virgin Islands (United States)	Virgin Islands				No	Yes
.vn	Vietnam	Vietnam			Yes[73]	Yes	Yes
.vu	Vanuatu	Vanuatu				Yes	Yes
.wf	Wallis and Futuna	Wallis Futuna	Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11]		Yes[30]	Yes	Yes
.ws	Samoa	Western Samoa	Marketed for use in general Websites		Yes	Yes[74]	Yes
.ye	Yemen	Republic of Yemen				No	No
.yt	Mayotte	Mayotte	Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[upper-alpha 11] Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains.		Yes[30]	Yes	Yes
.za	South Africa	Zuid-Afrika				Yes	Yes
.zm	Zambia	Zambia				No	Yes[upper-alpha 20]
.zw	Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe				No	No

Table Notes

17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[10]
Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[11]
Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
Since March 2004, see[20]
IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[21]
93 non-ASCII characters, see[22]
1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[23]
Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[25]
Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[27]
September 2005, supported characters: å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[29]
(6 December 2011)[50]
Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[32]
Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[60]
Since October 2010, see[62]
(28 April 2008) see[63]
14 November 2006; see[67]
21 July 2015; see[68]
Traditional Chinese characters: see[70]
Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .

Internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized country code top-level domains[75]
DNS name	IDN ccTLD	Country/Region	Language	Script	Transliteration	Comments	Other ccTLD	DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j	.الجزائر	Algeria	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	al-Jazā'ir		.dz	No
xn--y9a3aq	.հայ	Armenia	Armenian	Armenian	hay		.am	Yes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a	.البحرين	Bahrain	Arabic	Arabic	al-Bahrain	Not in use	.bh	No
xn--54b7fta0cc	.বাংলা	Bangladesh	Bengali	Bengali	Bangla		.bd	Yes
xn--90ais	.бел	Belarus	Belarusian	Cyrillic	bel		.by	No
xn--90ae	.бг[76]	Bulgaria	Bulgarian	Cyrillic	bg		.bg	No
xn--fiqs8s	.中国	China	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	Zhōngguó		.cn	Yes
xn--fiqz9s	.中國	China	Chinese	Chinese (Traditional)	Zhōngguó		.cn	Yes
xn--wgbh1c	.مصر	Egypt	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Miṣr / Maṣr[77]		.eg	Yes
xn--e1a4c	.ею	European Union	Bulgarian	Cyrillic	eyu		.eu	Yes
xn--qxa6a	.ευ	European Union	Greek	Greek	ey	Not in use	.eu
xn--node	.გე	Georgia	Georgian	Georgian (Mkhedruli)	GE		.ge	No
xn--qxam	.ελ[76]	Greece	Greek	Greek	el	In use since July 2018	.gr	No
xn--j6w193g	.香港	Hong Kong	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	Hoeng¹ gong²		.hk	Yes
xn--h2brj9c	.भारत	India	Hindi	Devanagari	Bhārat	Became available 27 August 2014[78]	.in	Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e	.بھارت	India	Urdu	Arabic (Urdu)	Bhārat	Became available 2017	.in	Yes
xn--fpcrj9c3d	.భారత్	India	Telugu	Telugu	Bhārat	Became available 2017	.in	Yes
xn--gecrj9c	.ભારત	India	Gujarati	Gujarati	Bhārat	Became available 2017	.in	Yes
xn--s9brj9c	.ਭਾਰਤ	India	Punjabi	Gurmukhī	Bhārat	Became available 2017	.in	Yes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h	.இந்தியா	India	Tamil	Tamil	Intiyā	Became available 2015	.in	Yes
xn--45brj9c	.ভারত	India	Bengali	Bengali	Bharôt	Became available 2017	.in	Yes
xn--2scrj9c	.ಭಾರತ	India	Kannada	Kannada	Bhārata	Became available 2020	.in
xn--rvc1e0am3e	.ഭാരതം	India	Malayalam	Malayalam	Bhāratam	Became available 2020	.in
xn--45br5cyl	.ভাৰত	India	Assamese	Bengali	Bharatam	Not in use	.in
xn--3hcrj9c	.ଭାରତ	India	Oriya	Oriya	Bhārat	Became available 2021	.in
xn--mgbbh1a	.بارت	India	Kashmiri	Arabic (Kashmiri)	Bārat	Not in use	.in
xn--h2breg3eve	.भारतम्	India	Sanskrit	Devanagari	Bhāratam	Not in use	.in
xn--h2brj9c8c	.भारोत	India	Santali	Devanagari	Bharot	Not in use	.in
xn--mgbgu82a	.ڀارت	India	Sindhi	Arabic (Sindhi)	Bhārat	Not in use	.in
xn--mgba3a4f16a	.ایران	Iran	Persian	Arabic (Persian)	Īrān		.ir	No
xn--mgbtx2b	.عراق	Iraq	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	ʿIrāq	Not in use	.iq	No
xn--4dbrk0ce	.ישראל	Israel	Hebrew	Hebrew	Israel	Not in use	.il	No
xn--mgbayh7gpa	.الاردن	Jordan	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	al-Urdun		.jo	No
xn--80ao21a	.қаз	Kazakhstan	Kazakh	Cyrillic (Kazakh)	qaz		.kz	No
xn--q7ce6a	.ລາວ	Laos	Lao	Lao	Lao	Became available 2020	.la
xn--mix082f	.澳门	Macao	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	Ou³ mun⁴ / Àomén	Not in use	.mo	No
xn--mix891f	.澳門	Macao	Chinese	Chinese (Traditional)	Ou³ mun⁴ / Àomén	Became available 2020	.mo	No
xn--mgbx4cd0ab	.مليسيا	Malaysia	Malay	Arabic (Jawi)	Malaysīyā		.my	Yes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd	.موريتانيا	Mauritania	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Mūrītāniyā		.mr	No
xn--l1acc	.мон	Mongolia	Mongolian	Cyrillic (Mongolian)	mon		.mn	Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg	.المغرب	Morocco	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	al-Maġrib		.ma	No
xn--d1alf	.мкд	North Macedonia	Macedonian	Cyrillic (Macedonian)	mkd		.mk	No
xn--mgb9awbf	.عمان	Oman	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	ʿUmān		.om	No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j	.پاکستان	Pakistan	Urdu	Arabic (Urdu)	Pākistān		.pk	Yes
xn--ygbi2ammx	.فلسطين	Palestinian Authority	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Filasṭīn		.ps	No
xn--wgbl6a	.قطر	Qatar	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Qaṭar		.qa	No
xn--p1ai	.рф	Russia	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	rf		.ru	Yes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar	.السعودية	Saudi Arabia	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	as-Suʿūdīya		.sa	Yes[58]
xn--90a3ac	.срб	Serbia	Serbian	Cyrillic (Serbian)	srb		.rs	No
xn--yfro4i67o	.新加坡	Singapore	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	Xīnjiāpō		.sg	Yes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd	.சிங்கப்பூர்	Singapore	Tamil	Tamil	Cinkappūr		.sg	Yes
xn--3e0b707e	.한국	South Korea	Korean	Hangul	Han-guk		.kr	Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c	.ලංකා	Sri Lanka	Sinhala	Sinhala	Lanka		.lk	Partial[upper-alpha 1]
xn--xkc2al3hye2a	.இலங்கை	Sri Lanka	Tamil	Tamil	Ilaṅkai		.lk	Partial[upper-alpha 1]
xn--mgbpl2fh	.سودان	Sudan	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Sūdān		.sd	No
xn--ogbpf8fl	.سورية	Syria	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Sūriyya		.sy	Yes
xn--kprw13d	.台湾	Taiwan	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	Táiwān		.tw	Yes
xn--kpry57d	.台灣	Taiwan	Chinese	Chinese (Traditional)	Táiwān		.tw	Yes
xn--o3cw4h	.ไทย	Thailand	Thai	Thai	Thai		.th	Yes
xn--pgbs0dh	.تونس	Tunisia	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Tūnis		.tn	Yes
xn--j1amh	.укр	Ukraine	Ukrainian	Cyrillic (Ukrainian)	ukr		.ua	No
xn--mgbaam7a8h	.امارات	United Arab Emirates	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	Imārāt		.ae	No
xn--mgb2ddes	.اليمن	Yemen	Arabic	Arabic (Arabic)	al-Yaman	Not delegated	.ye	No

Table notes

Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.
— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[79]

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[80] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk (see below).

The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[81]
su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[82][83] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Indic script (.भारत), Japanese script (.日本), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[84] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[85]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

Generic ccTLDs

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country" targeted ones.[86][87][88] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:

gccTLD	Country/Region	Domain hacks
.ad	Andorra	advertising
.as	American Samoa	Asturias autonomous system aktieselskab/aksjeselskap
.az	Azerbaijan	Arizona
.bz	Belize	Bolzano business
.cc	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	cricket club Cycling club Christian Church Catholic Church Creative Commons Cape Cod
.cd	Congo	Compact disc
.co	Colombia	company Colorado
.dj	Djibouti	Disc jockey
.fm	Federated States of Micronesia	FM broadcasting and podcasts
.gg	Bailiwick of Guernsey	Good Game
.io	British Indian Ocean Territory	Input/output
.la	Laos	Los Angeles Louisiana Mozilla Tesla Digikala Latin America
.me	Montenegro	me Maine Middle East
.ms	Montserrat	Microsoft Mississippi Mato Grosso do Sul Münster
.nu	Niue	new now
.NL	Netherlands	Newfoundland
.sc	Seychelles	Santa Catarina South Carolina SoundCloud Snapchat
.tf	French Southern and Antarctic Lands	Team Fortress Terraform
.tv	Tuvalu	television
.ws	Western Samoa	website websocket world site

Unconventional usage

Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[89]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[90]

Commercial use

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.

Notes

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"Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet". Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"You are being redirected". Domain.me. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
"String evaluation completion". Icann.org. Resources. ICANN. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
"ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review". EPSRP reports. ICANN. 2014-10-14. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
"دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية". Dotmasr.eg. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad". Registry.in. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Postel, Jon (March 1994). "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". RFC 1591. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
"DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb". 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980.
Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166". IAB. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards". IAB. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
"ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet" (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
"'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
"What is gccTLD?". dynadot.com.
"What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search". name.com. Nov 2016.
"gccTLD generic country-code domains". dynadot.com.
"General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?". cointernet.co. Colombia: .CO Internet S.A.S. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
"The man who owns the Internet". CNN Money. Cable News Network. 2007-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

External links

Official website
"World Intellectual Property Organization". Domain name dispute resolution. WIPO.
"World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names".
"Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)". ICANN.
"A list of country domain extensions". ionbee.net.
Baskerville, Robert (Jan 16, 2008). "ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files)". Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-01-13.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[11] 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[10]

[13] Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[11]

[20] Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.

[24] Since March 2004, see[20]

[26] IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[21]

[28] 93 non-ASCII characters, see[22]

[30] 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[23]

[33] Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[25]

[36] Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[27]

[39] September 2005, supported characters: å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[29]

[afnic-40] (6 December 2011)[50]

[44] Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[32]

[dnssec-51] Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.

[74] October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[60]

[77] Since October 2010, see[62]

[79] (28 April 2008) see[63]

[84] 14 November 2006; see[67]

[86] 21 July 2015; see[68]

[89] Traditional Chinese characters: see[70]

[94] Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .

[dnssec-99] Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.

[1] The Domain Name Industry Report (PDF). verisign.com (Report).

[2] "ccTLD". ICANN (iana.org). 2012-02-25.

[3] "Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021" (PDF). verisign.com.

[4] "list of ccTLDs". IANA (iana.org).

[5] "Root Zone database". IANA (iana.org). Retrieved 2020-02-01.

[:0-7] "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

[8] "Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy". Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[9] "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy". Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[10] "norma". infoleg.gov.ar.

[12] "IDN Zeichentabelle" (PDF) (in German).

[14] "Rules for .au Domains".

[.au_Direct-15] ".au Direct". auDA.org.au.

[17] "DNS Belgium and IPv6" (PDF). economie.fgov.be. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

[18] "Domínios .br". Registro.br.

[19] "Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS". Registro.br. 4 May 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[21] "Domain Registration". Nic.Bt. Retrieved 25 December 2020.

[22] "About internationalized domain names" (PDF). Cira.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[23] "details". nic.ch.

[25] "CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names". Nic.cz. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[27] "details". denic.de. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31.

[29] "details". æøå.dk-hostmaster.dk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007.

[31] BASE. "BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成". BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[32] "Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN)". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

[34] "Other applicable Regulations". dominios.es. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

[35] "details". eurid.eu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012.

[37] ".eu and IPv6". EURid.eu. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

[38] "For fi domain applicants and users - How to choose a good domain name?". ficora.fi. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.

[afnic-idn-41] "Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs". Afnic.fr. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[42] Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration (PDF). nic.net.ge (Report). Article 1.9. Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.

[43] "details". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.

[45] "Delegation Rules". The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

[46] "Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year". Tech in Asia. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[47] "Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions". Silicon Republic. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

[48] Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide (Report). Dublin, IE: Law Society of Ireland. 2004. p. 23.

[Registry.In-49] ".IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD)". Registry.In. Retrieved 2021-11-03.

[50] "Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

[52] "Idn: un successo". Nic.it. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[53] "TLD DNSSEC Report". stats.research.icann.org. Retrieved 15 May 2019.

[54] Morishita, Yasuhiro Orange (2 September 2003). ".JP technical update" (PDF). jprs.jp. RIPE 46 General Meeting. Japan Registry Service, Co., Ltd. (JPRS). Retrieved 2 April 2017.

[55] ".LA - The Official .LA Registry". La. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[56] ".my Domain Registry". Domainregistry.my. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[57] "our milestones". sidn.nl.

[58] "Free Domain Name Pro". freedomain.pro. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.

[59] "nu teckentabell" (PDF). iis.se.

[60] "F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs)". .nz Domain Name Commission. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.

[61] "second level domains". dnc.org.nz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2014.

[62] "IDN intro www.dns.pl". Archived from the original on 10 August 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2003.

[63] "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs".
Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.

[64] "Delegation Record for .PS". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[65] "Notícias". Dns.pt. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[66] "Registrars". Registry.PW. Poets & Writers. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[67] "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[68] "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[69] "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[70] "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)". nic.sa.

[nic.sa-71] "DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD". Nic.sa. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[72] "Saudi NIC" (PDF). nic.sa. 2012. IPv6.

[73] "details" (PDF). iis.se.

[75] "IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.sh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[76] "details". Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17.

[78] "details". Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.

[80] "ccTLD.su". Retrieved 23 February 2015.

[81] "IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.tm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[82] ".TN for Tamil Nadu". tamil.tn. Retrieved 27 August 2020.

[83] "details". nic.tr.

[85] "details". iana.org.

[87] "IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[88] "details". twnic.net.tw.

[Milton_Mueller_2002_79-90] Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980 – via Google Books.

[91] "New rules for the registration of domain names under UY" (PDF). Nic.org.uy. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[92] "Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet". Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[93] "You are being redirected". Domain.me. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[95] "String evaluation completion". Icann.org. Resources. ICANN. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

[cctld_second_review-96] "ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review". EPSRP reports. ICANN. 2014-10-14. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

[97] "دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية". Dotmasr.eg. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[98] "Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad". Registry.in. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[100] Postel, Jon (March 1994). "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". RFC 1591. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

[101] "DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb". 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[Mueller2002-102] Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980.

[103] Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166". IAB. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

[104] Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards". IAB. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

[105] "ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet" (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.

[106] "'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[107] "What is gccTLD?". dynadot.com.

[108] "What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search". name.com. Nov 2016.

[109] "gccTLD generic country-code domains". dynadot.com.

[unique-110] "General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?". cointernet.co. Colombia: .CO Internet S.A.S. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-07-20.

[111] "The man who owns the Internet". CNN Money. Cable News Network. 2007-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

Country code top-level domain

Delegation and management

History

Lists

Latin Character ccTLDs

Internationalized ccTLDs

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Relation to ISO 3166-1

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Historical ccTLDs

Internationalized ccTLDs

Generic ccTLDs

Unconventional usage

Commercial use

See also

Notes

References

External links