Juridical person

A juridical person is a non-human legal person that is not a single natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictious person such as a corporation, government agency, or NGO. Also known as artificial person, corporate person, judicial person, juridical entity, juridic person, or juristic person. A juridical person maintains certain duties and rights as enumerated under relevant laws.[1][2] The rights and responsibilities of a juridical person are distinct from those of the natural persons constituting it.

Since ancient times, associations have been known as the original form of the juridical person. This is documented for the 1st century A.D. for Jewish trading companies. In Roman law, too, the institution already had significance, although it was not called as such. Conceptually, it included institutions such as the state, communities, corporations (universitates) and their associations of persons and assets, as well as associations. At least three persons were required in Rome to found an association.

By country

Brazil

The term juridical person ("pessoa jurídica" in Portuguese) is used in legal science for designating an entity with rights and liabilities which also has legal personality. Its regulations are largely based on Brazil's Civil Code, where it is distinctly recognized and defined, among other normative documents.

Brazilian law recognizes any association or abstract entity as a juridical person, but a registry is required through a Constitutional Document, with specifications depending on the category of Juridical Person and local law of state and city.

China

For a typical example of the concept of legal person in a civil law jurisdiction, under the General Principles of Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, Chapter III, Article 36., "A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law."[3] Note however that the term civil right means something altogether different in civil law jurisdictions than in common law jurisdictions.

Germany

Article 19(3) of the German Constitution sets forth: "Fundamental rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons insofar as the nature of such rights shall permit."[4]

Italy

In Italy trade unions have juridical personality, as stated in Article 39, Paragraph 4 of the Constitution:

Registered trade unions are juridical persons. They may, through a unified representation that is proportional to their membership, enter into collective labour agreements that have a mandatory effect for all persons belonging to the categories referred to in the agreement.

— The Italian Constitution[5]
  • In Haruki Murakami's novel 1Q84, the farming commune Sakigake (先駆け, lit. "pioneer") becomes recognized as a juridical person after splitting with the leftist militant group Akebono (曙, lit. "dawn").[6]

See also

References
  1. A., Garner, Bryan; Black, Henry Campbell (2015). Black's law dictionary. ISBN 9780314642721. OCLC 908072409.
  2. "What is JURIDICAL PERSON? definition of JURIDICAL PERSON (Black's Law Dictionary)". The Law Dictionary. October 19, 2012.
  3. Gary J. Dernelle. "DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA." DePaul Business Law Journal, Spring/Summer 1994. (6 DePaul Bus. L.J. 331)
  4. "Basic Law. Art. 19 Abs. 3 GG". Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  5. "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27.
  6. Murakami, Haruki (2011). 1Q84. Rubin, Jay, 1941-, Gabriel, Philip, 1953- (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307593313. OCLC 701017688.


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