List of offshore wind farms in the United States

Offshore wind power is in the early stages of development in the United States. In 2016, the United States Department of Energy estimated that the country has a gross resource potential of 10,800GW of offshore wind capacity, with a "technical" resource potential of 2,058GW.[1] Offshore wind projects are under development in wind-rich areas of the East Coast, Great Lakes, and Pacific coast. The first commercial offshore wind farm, Block Island Wind Farm, began operation in 2016. As of 2017, about 30 projects totalling 24 gigawatts (GW) of potential installed capacity were being planned.[2]

The 30 megawatt (MW)Block Island Wind Farm opened off the coast of Rhode Island in 2016 as the first offshore wind farm in the United States

In 2021 the Biden Administration announced a target of 30 GW of offshore wind by 2030;[3] the US currently has less than 0.05 GW of offshore wind power.

Federal regulation and incentives

Wind Energy Areas

In January 2012, a "Smart for the Start" regulatory approach was introduced, designed to expedite the siting process while incorporating strong environmental protections. Specifically, the Department of Interior approved “wind energy areas” off the coast where projects can move through the regulatory approval process more quickly.[4] The NOAA Coastal Services Center (CSC) has released a cadastre web tool to illustrate suitability of Eastern seaboard areas.[5]

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is the federal agency responsible for determining offshore areas where wind farms may be built on the Outer Continental Shelf.[6] It sells leases to qualified bidders.[7]

Jones Act

The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 is a United States federal statute that provides for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine.[8] Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act is known as the Jones Act and deals with cabotage (coastwise trade) and requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried on U.S.-flag ships, constructed in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents.

The lack of ships of size needed to transport large equipment needed for wind turbines has slowed the develop of offshore wind farms.[9][10] To comply with the Jones Act [11][12] wind turbine installation vessels for $300 million could economically supply a schedule of 4 GW projects over 10 years.[13] Two or three US yards have the capacity to build such vessels. The Charybdis vessel is under construction in Texas, scheduled for 2023.[10]

Tax incentives

In December 2020, Congress approved a 30% investment tax credit for US offshore wind farms.[14][15]

Wind ports and infrastructure

Several ports are building or converting facilities to handle the large components[16][17] and manufacturing facilities such as a blade factories are planned.[18]

Portsmouth Marine Terminal (VA),[19] Port of Baltimore (MD),[20] Artificial Island (NJ)[21] Port of Paulsboro (NJ), South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (NY), Port of Albany–Rensselaer (NY), New Bedford Marine Commerce Terminal (MA),[20] and Salem Harbor (MA) have all been identified as potential offshore wind ports which would support the manufacture of components and staging areas for off-shore wind farms.

In 2019, the University of Delaware and the Danish Energy and Climate Academy jointly opened the first US skills training program for offshore wind energy professionals.[22]

Experimental floating turbine projects

North America’s first floating wind turbine was the 20 kW Volturn US, which was lowered into the Penobscot River in Maine in 2013.[23][24][25][26] It is a University of Maine project.[27][28][29]

In May 2014, the United States Department of Energy chose an offshore wind projects to receive funding.[30] Principle Power was planning a 30-MW WindFloat project in 2013 using 6-MW Siemens turbines in 366 m of water near Coos Bay, Oregon to be operational in 2017,[31] but the project was cancelled as too costly.[32][33][34][35] Interest has been renewed.[36]

As of 2020, the United States Department of Energy is funding two demonstration projects:[37] University of Maine's Aqua Ventus I, which plans to use a semisubmersible floating concrete foundation design and Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation's (LEEDCo's) 20 MW Icebreaker project[38]

In 2021 the Biden administration approved large areas off the coast California for development of wind farms with floating turbines.[39][40]

Operational utility scale
Wind farm Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area States Coordinates Capacity
(MW)		 Completion year Turbines Developer/Utility Regulatory agency Refs
Block Island WindOffshore Rhode IslandRI41°06′52.96″N 71°31′16.18″W30 20165 x 6MW Haliade 150ØrstedRhode Island PUC[41][42]
Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind - Pilot ProjectOffshore Virginia
OCS-A 0497[43]		25 nautical miles east of Cape Henry (VA)2,135 acres (864 ha)VA36°53′30″N 75°29′30″W1220202 x 6MW
Siemens Gamesa SWT-6.0-154		Ørsted
Dominion Energy		Virginia Department of Mines Minerals and Energy
BOEM		[44][45]

Proposed wind farms off Atlantic Coast

There is more than 16 GW of capacity planned for the Atlantic Coast.

The state of New Jersey is aiming for 7,500 MW of offshore wind power capacity by 2035.[46] New York has set of target of 2,400 megawatts (MW) of offshore wind by 2030. In 2016, an update to Massachusetts energy law committed the state to purchasing 1,600 MW of offshore wind by 2027,[47] of which the first half was later awarded to Vineyard Wind (see project list below).[48] Virginia targets 5,400 MW by 2034.[49]

In February 2022, an auction for 6 lease areas in the New York Bight ended at $4.37 billion, with one area going for over one billion dollars. The combined areas could yield more than 5.6 gigawatts for an annual energy production of 19.6 TWh.[50][51][52]

The following table lists offshore wind farm areas (by nameplate capacity) that are in various states development for the Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters of the East Coast of the United States,[53] where a Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) wind energy area lease has been secured[54][55] and have gained at least some required regulatory approval before construction can begin. Distances are approximated and generally represent closest point of turbine array to shoreline, while acreage represents size of total lease area, which may be shared, and not the blocks within them allocated for the wind farm.

Wind farm Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area Receiving state Coordinates Capacity
(MW)		 Projected completion Turbines Developer/Utility Regulatory agency Refs
Coastal Virginia Offshore WindOffshore Virginia
OCS-A 0483[56]		25 to 35 nautical miles east of Cape Henry (VA)112,799 acres (45,648 ha)VA36.9°N 75.38°W / 36.9; -75.382,6402026TBADominion EnergyBOEM[44][57][58][59][60][61]
Atlantic Shores Offshore New Jersey
OCS-A 0499
(NJWEA North)[62]		 13 nautical miles-15 miles (24 km) east of Atlantic City (NJ)[63] 183,353 acres (74,200 ha) NJ 1,510 2028 Shell New Energies

EDF Renewables

 NJBPU [64][65]
Ocean Wind 2 Offshore New Jersey
OCS-A 0532
(NJWEA South)[62]		 13 nautical miles-15 miles (24 km) east of Atlantic City (NJ)[66] 160,480 acres (64,940 ha) NJ 1,148 2027 Ørsted NJBPU [64][67]
Ocean Wind 1Offshore New Jersey
OCS-A 0498
(NJWEA South)[62]		13 nautical miles-15 miles (24 km) east of Atlantic City (NJ)[66]NJ39.366111°N 74.414167°W / 39.366111; -74.4141671,100 202490 Haliade-X 12 MWØrsted
PSEG		NJBPU[68][69][70][71][72]
Mayflower WindOffshore Massachusetts
OCS-A 0521		25 nautical miles south of Martha's Vineyard (MA)127,388 acres (51,552 ha)MA2,400 in two phasesTBATBAShell New Energies
Ocean Winds		BOEM
Kitty Hawk WindOffshore North Carolina
OCS-A 0508[73]		24 nautical miles east of Corolla (NC)122,405 acres (49,536 ha)NCPhase One: 800
Est. Total: 2500		2026TBAAvangrid RenewablesBOEM[74][75]
Sunrise WindOffshore Massachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[76]		26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) east of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)NY880 2024Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Con Ed Transmission
New York Power Authority		NYSERDA[77][78][79]
Empire WindOffshore New York
OCS-A 0512
(Hudson North)[80][81]		12 nautical miles 14 miles (23 km) south of Jones Beach Island, Long Island (NY) at New York Bight79,350 acres (32,110 ha)NY40.329226°N 73.507861°W / 40.329226; -73.507861816 202460-80Equinor
BP		NYSERDA[82][83][84][78][79]
Vineyard WindOffshore Massachusetts
OCS-A 0501[85][86]		13 nautical miles -15 miles (24 km) southwest of Martha's Vineyard (MA)166,886 acres (67,536 ha)MA41.03325°N 70.61667°W / 41.03325; -70.61667800 202384 12MW GE Haliade-XAvangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners		BOEM
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities		[87][88][89][90]
Park City Wind Offshore Massachusetts OCS-A 0501 23 miles off the coast of Martha's Vineyard (MA) CT 804 2025 Avangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners		 Connecticut DEEP [91]
Revolution WindOffshore Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[76]		halfway between Montauk Point (NY) & Martha’s Vineyard (MA)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
CT		700 2023Siemens Gamesa 8MW SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
National Grid
United Illuminating		Connecticut DEEP
Rhode Island PUC		[92][93]
MarWinOffhore Maryland
OCS-A 0490[94]		26 nautical miles -30 miles (48 km) east of Ocean City (MD)79,707 acres (32,256 ha)MD248 202332US WindMaryland PSC[95][96][97][98][99][100]
South ForkMassachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0517 (North Lease Area)[76][101]		26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) southeast of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
NY		41.092°N 71.311161°W / 41.092; -71.311161[102]130 20238 Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Long Island Power Authority		NYSERDA[103][104][105][79]
SkipjackOffshore Delaware
OCS-A 0519[106]		16.9 nautical miles-19.5 miles (31.4 km) from coast of Delaware to Maryland state line26,332 acres (10,656 ha)[107]MD
DE		38.565°N 74.779°W / 38.565; -74.779120 202310 12MW GE Haliade-XØrstedMaryland PSC[108][98][99]

Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts

In October 2021, the Biden administration approved the initiation of mapping out potential lease areas along the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts.[109]

Abandoned, postponed or decommissioned

See also

Notes
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