Robert Bylot
Robert Bylot (fl. 1610–1616) was an English explorer who made four voyages to the Arctic.[1] He was uneducated and from a working-class background, but was able to rise to rank of master in the English Royal Navy.[2]
Voyages
First voyage, 1610–1611
Bylot was first mate on the Discovery during Henry Hudson's 1610–1611 expedition into what is now known as Hudson Bay. In the spring of 1611, Hudson wanted to continue the expedition, but the crew wanted to return home. There was discontent between the captain and members of the crew, and Bylot was stripped of his rank.
Later there was a mutiny in which Hudson, his son and several sailors were set adrift in an open boat in James Bay. It was due to Bylot's navigational skills that Discovery was able to return from the Arctic safely; Hudson and his party were never seen again.[2] Upon return to England, Bylot was tried as a mutineer but was pardoned.
Second voyage, 1612–1613
Bylot returned to Hudson Bay in 1612 with Sir Thomas Button. They wintered over at the mouth of the Nelson River, and in the spring of 1613, continued north. They were able to reach 65° N, then returned to England.[3]
First voyage, 1615
In 1615, the Muscovy Company hired Bylot to find the Northwest Passage as captain of Discovery. He sailed west from Hudson Strait and was blocked by ice at Frozen Strait.
Second voyage, 1616
The following year, the Muscovy Company again hired Bylot to continue to search for the Northwest Passage. This time he was accompanied by pilot William Baffin. The Bylot–Baffin voyage resulted in several notable achievements. First was the circumnavigation and mapping of what is now called Baffin Bay. Second was the discovery of Smith Sound, by which the North Pole would eventually be reached. Third was the discovery of Lancaster Sound, through which the Northwest Passage would eventually be found three centuries later.[4] Fourth, and perhaps most significantly, they were able to reach 77° 45′ N, a record which held for 236 years.[5]
Legacy
Bylot and Baffin's work in Baffin Bay was doubted by cartographers back in England. As late as 1812, charts of the area only showed a dotted bulge with the words: "Baffin's Bay according to the relation of W. Baffin in 1616, but not now believed."[4]
When the bay was "rediscovered" by Sir John Ross in 1818, the records of the Bylot–Baffin voyage proved extremely accurate. In England, almost total credit for the discovery was given to Baffin, and Bylot was virtually ignored.[4] Historian Farley Mowat speculated two possible reasons for this: Bylot's lack of education and lower position relative to Baffin in English society, and his involvement in the mutiny during Hudson's expedition.[4]
Bylot Island, off the northern end of Baffin Island and one of the more dramatic of the Canadian Arctic islands, was named after him.
References
Footnotes
- Mowat 1973, p. 56.
- Mowat 1973, p. 36.
- ExploreNorth. "Biography of Robert Bylot".
- Mowat 1973, p. 43.
- ExploreNorth. "Biography of Robert Bylot".
Bibliography
- Mowat, F. M. (1973). The Polar Passion: The Quest for the North Pole. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771066214.
- Neatby, L. H. (1979) [1966]. "Bylot, Robert". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.