Shot put

The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (pushing rather than throwing)[1] a heavy spherical ball—the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, and women's competition began in 1948.

Athletics
Shot put
Polish double Olympic champion Tomasz Majewski
World records
Men Ryan Crouser 23.37 m (76 ft 8 in) (2021)
Women Natalya Lisovskaya 22.63 m (74 ft 2+3⁄4 in) (1987)
Olympic records
Men Ryan Crouser 23.30 m (76 ft 5+1⁄4 in) (2021)
Women Ilona Slupianek 22.41 m (73 ft 6+1⁄4 in) (1980)
World Championship records
Men Joe Kovacs 22.91 m (75 ft 1+3⁄4 in) (2019)
Women Natalya Lisovskaya 21.24 m (69 ft 8 in) (1987)
Valerie Adams 21.24 m (69 ft 8 in) (2011)

History
Czechoslovak shot putter Plíhal at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships
Shot putter at the University of Nebraska, 1942, showing the circle and stop board

Homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the Siege of Troy but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to approximately the first century.[2] In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.[3]

The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs. Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866.[4]

Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135 m (7 ft) in diameter, with a “toe board” or "stop board" about 10 centimetres (4 in) high at the front of the circle. The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the nearest mark made on the ground by the falling shot, with distances rounded down to the nearest centimetre under IAAF and WMA rules.

Czechoslovak shot putter Jiří Skobla showing the correct technique for keeping the shot near the neck

The following rules (indoor and outdoor) must be adhered to for a legal throw:

  • Upon calling the athlete's name, the athlete may choose any part of the throwing circle to enter inside. They have thirty seconds to commence the throwing motion; otherwise it counts as a forfeit for the current round.
  • The athlete may not wear gloves; IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers.
  • The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion.
  • The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand.
  • The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or toe board, but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or toe board, or the ground beyond the circle. Limbs may, however, extend over the lines of the circle in the air.
  • The shot must land in the throwing sector, which is a circular sector of 34.92° centered on the throwing circle. The throwing sector has been narrowed multiple times over the years to improve safety, most recently in 2004 from 40º. The current throwing sector angle (34.92º) was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).[5]
  • The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back half.

Foul throws occur when an athlete:

  • Does not pause within the circle before beginning the putting motion.
  • Does not complete the putting movement initiated within thirty seconds of having their name called.
  • Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the vertical plane of his shoulder during the put.

At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck then it is technically an illegal put.

  • During the putting motion, touches with any part of the body (including shoes):
    • the top or ends of the toe board
    • the top of the iron ring
    • anywhere outside the circle.
  • Puts a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact.
  • Leaves the circle before the shot has landed.
  • Does not leave from the rear half of the circle.

Regulation misconceptions

The following are either obsolete or non-existent, but commonly believed rules within professional competition:

  • The athlete must enter the circle from the back (none of the rule books contain such a clause).
  • The athlete entering the circle, then exiting and re-entering it prior to starting the throw results in a foul (all the rule books allow an athlete to leave a circle prior to starting a throw, but this still counts within the 30 second time limit; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book).
  • Loose clothing, shoelaces, or long hair touching outside the circle during a throw, or an athlete bringing a towel into the circle and then throwing it out prior to the put, results in a foul.

Competition
Shot put area

Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships.

Each of these competitions in the modern era have a set number of rounds of throws. Typically there are three qualification rounds to determine qualification for the final. There are then three preliminary rounds in the final with the top eight competitors receiving a further three throws. Each competitor in the final is credited with their longest throw, regardless of whether it was achieved in the preliminary or final three rounds. The competitor with the longest legal put is declared the winner.

Weight

In open competitions the men's shot weighs 7.26 kilograms (16.0 lb), and the women's shot weighs 4 kilograms (8.8 lb). Junior, school, and masters competitions often use different weights of shots, typically below the weights of those used in open competitions; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used.

Putting styles

Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of approximately forty-five degrees.

Glide

The origin of this technique dates to 1951, when Parry O'Brien from the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. Unlike spin this technique is a linear movement.[6]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle. They would typically adopt a specific type of crouch, involving their bent right leg, in order to begin the throw from a more beneficial posture whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles. The positioning of their bodyweight over their bent leg, which pushes upwards with equal force, generates a preparatory isometric press. The force generated by this press will be channelled into the subsequent throw making it more powerful. To initiate the throw they kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name 'glide'.

Spin

This is also known as the rotational technique.[7] It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950s but did not receive much attention until the 1970s.[8] In 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.[9][10] The spin involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of 22.00 m (72.18 ft) with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22-meter mark.[11]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.

When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up torque, and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles, providing extra power and momentum. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved, pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed, by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.

Until 2016, a woman had never made an Olympic final (top 8) using the spin technique. The first woman to enter a final and win a medal at the Olympics was Anita Márton.[12][8]

Usage

Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide. Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin,[13] he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method (for example he became first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years).

The world record and the second-best all-time male results were completed with the spin technique, while the third-best all-time put of 23.06 m (75 ft 7+3⁄4 in) by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique.

The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.

Types of shots

The shot is made of different kinds of materials depending on its intended use. Materials used include sand, iron, cast iron, solid steel, stainless steel, brass, and synthetic materials like polyvinyl. Some metals are more dense than others, making the size of the shot vary. For example, different materials are used to make indoor and outdoor shot – because damage to surroundings must be taken into account – so the latter are smaller. There are various size and weight standards for the implement that depend on the age and gender of the competitors as well as the national customs of the governing body.

World records
Main articles: Men's shot put world record progression and Women's shot put world record progression

The current world record holders are:[14]

Type Athlete Mark Date Place
Men
Outdoor Ryan Crouser 23.37 m (76 ft 8 in) 18 June 2021 Eugene, Oregon, USA
Indoor Ryan Crouser 22.82 m (74 ft 10+1⁄4 in) 24 January 2021 Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
Women
Outdoor Natalya Lisovskaya 22.63 m (74 ft 2+3⁄4 in) 7 June 1987 Moscow, USSR
Indoor Helena Fibingerová 22.50 m (73 ft 9+3⁄4 in) 19 February 1977 Jablonec nad Nisou, CZE

Continental records

The current records held on each continent are:[15][16]

Area Men's Women's
Mark Athlete Nation Mark Athlete Nation
Africa 21.97 m (72 ft 3⁄4 in) Janus Robberts  South Africa 18.43 m (60 ft 5+1⁄2 in) Vivian Chukwuemeka  Nigeria
Asia 21.49 m (70 ft 6 in) Tajinderpal Singh Toor  India 21.76 m (71 ft 4+1⁄2 in) Meisu Li  China
Europe 23.06 m (75 ft 7+3⁄4 in) Ulf Timmermann  East Germany 22.63 m (74 ft 2+3⁄4 in) WR Natalya Lisovskaya  Soviet Union
North and Central
America, and Caribbean		 23.37 m (76 ft 8 in) WR Ryan Crouser  United States 20.96 m (68 ft 9 in) A Belsy Laza  Cuba
Oceania 22.90 m (75 ft 1+1⁄2 in) Tomas Walsh  New Zealand 21.24 m (69 ft 8 in) Valerie Adams  New Zealand
South America 22.61 m (74 ft 2 in) Darlan Romani  Brazil 19.30 m (63 ft 3+3⁄4 in) A Elisângela Adriano Brazil

All-time top 25

Men (outdoor)
Ath.#Perf.#MarkTechniqueAthleteNationDatePlaceRef
1123.37 m (76 ft 8 in)spinRyan Crouser United States18 JUN 2021Eugene[19]
223.30 m (76 ft 5+1⁄4 in)Crouser #205 AUG 2021Tokyo
323.15 m (75 ft 11+1⁄4 in)Crouser #321 AUG 2021Eugene
2423.12 m (75 ft 10 in)spinRandy Barnes United States20 MAY 1990Westwood
523.10 m (75 ft 9+1⁄4 in)Barnes #226 MAY 1990San Jose
3623.06 m (75 ft 7+3⁄4 in)glideUlf Timmermann East Germany22 MAY 1988Chania
723.01 m (75 ft 5+3⁄4 in)Crouser #422 MAY 2021Tucson
822.92 m (75 ft 2+1⁄4 in)Crouser #518 JUN 2021Eugene
4922.91 m (75 ft 1+3⁄4 in)glideAlessandro Andrei Italy12 AUG 1987Viareggio
spinJoe Kovacs United States05 OCT 2019Doha[20]
922.91 m (75 ft 1+3⁄4 in)Crouser #618 JUL 2020Marietta
1222.90 m (75 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Crouser #705 OCT 2019Doha
61222.90 m (75 ft 1+1⁄2 in)spinTomas Walsh New Zealand05 OCT 2019Doha[20]
71422.86 m (75 ft 0 in) AspinBrian Oldfield United States10 MAY 1975El Paso
1522.84 m (74 ft 11 in)Andrei #212 AUG 1987Viareggio
Crouser #813 SEP 2021Zagreb
1722.81 m (74 ft 10 in)Crouser #926 AUG 2021Lausanne
81822.75 m (74 ft 7+1⁄2 in)gildeWerner Günthör  Switzerland23 AUG 1988Bern
1922.74 m (74 ft 7+1⁄4 in)Crouser #1020 APR 2019Long Beach
Crouser #1114 SEP 2020Zagreb
2122.72 m (74 ft 6+1⁄4 in)Andrei #312 AUG 1987Viareggio
Crouser #1229 AUG 2020Des Moines
Kovacs #201 MAY 2021Columbus
2422.70 m (74 ft 5+1⁄2 in)Crouser #1306 SEP 2020Chorzów
2522.69 m (74 ft 5+1⁄4 in)Crouser #1407 MAY 2021Fayetteville
922.67 m (74 ft 4+1⁄2 in)spinKevin Toth United States19 April 2003Lawrence
1022.64 m (74 ft 3+1⁄4 in)gildeUdo Beyer East Germany20 AUG 1986Berlin
1122.61 m (74 ft 2 in)spinDarlan Romani Brazil30 JUN 2019Stanford[21]
1222.54 m (73 ft 11+1⁄4 in)spinChristian Cantwell United States05 JUN 2004Gresham
1322.52 m (73 ft 10+1⁄2 in)glideJohn Brenner United States26 APR 1987Walnut
1422.51 m (73 ft 10 in)spinAdam Nelson United States18 MAY 2002Portland
1522.44 m (73 ft 7+1⁄4 in)spinDarrell Hill United States31 AUG 2017Brussels[22]
1622.43 m (73 ft 7 in)spinReese Hoffa United States03 AUG 2007London
1722.32 m (73 ft 2+1⁄2 in)spinMichał Haratyk Poland28 JUL 2019Warsaw[23]
1822.28 m (73 ft 1 in)spinRyan Whiting United States10 MAY 2013Doha
1922.25 m (72 ft 11+3⁄4 in)spinKonrad Bukowiecki Poland14 SEP 2019Chorzów[24]
2022.24 m (72 ft 11+1⁄2 in)glideSergey Smirnov Soviet Union21 JUN 1986Tallinn
2122.22 m (72 ft 10+3⁄4 in)spinBob Bertemes Luxembourg04 AUG 2019Luxembourg City[25]
2222.21 m (72 ft 10+1⁄4 in) AspinDylan Armstrong Canada25 JUN 2011Calgary
2322.20 m (72 ft 10 in)spinJohn Godina United States22 MAY 2005Carson
glideDavid Storl Germany09 JUL 2015Lausanne[26]
2522.10 m (72 ft 6 in)glideSergey Gavryushin Soviet Union31 AUG 1986Tbilisi
spinCory Martin United States22 MAY 2010Tucson

Women (outdoor)
Ath.#Perf.#MarkTechniqueAthleteNationDatePlaceRef
1122.63 m (74 ft 2+3⁄4 in)glideNatalya Lisovskaya Soviet Union07 JUN 1987Moscow
222.60 m (74 ft 1+3⁄4 in)Lisovskaya #207 JUN 1987Moscow
322.55 m (73 ft 11+3⁄4 in)Lisovskaya #305 JUL 1988Tallinn
422.53 m (73 ft 11 in)Lisovskaya #427 MAY 1984Sochi
Lisovskaya #514 AUG 1988Kyiv
2622.45 m (73 ft 7+3⁄4 in)glideIlona Slupianek East Germany11 MAY 1980Potsdam
722.41 m (73 ft 6+1⁄4 in)Slupianek #224 JUL 1980Moscow
822.40 m (73 ft 5+3⁄4 in)Slupianek #303 JUN 1983Berlin
922.38 m (73 ft 5 in)Slupianek #425 MAY 1980Karl-Marx-Stadt
1022.36 m (73 ft 4+1⁄4 in)Slupianek #502 MAY 1980Celje
1122.34 m (73 ft 3+1⁄2 in)Slupianek #607 MAY 1980Berlin
Slupianek #718 JUL 1980Cottbus
31322.32 m (73 ft 2+1⁄2 in)glideHelena Fibingerová Czechoslovakia20 AUG 1977Nitra
1422.24 m (72 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Lisovskaya #601 OCT 1988Seoul
1522.22 m (72 ft 10+3⁄4 in)Slupianek #813 JUL 1980Potsdam
41622.19 m (72 ft 9+1⁄2 in)glideClaudia Losch West Germany23 AUG 1987Hainfeld
1722.13 m (72 ft 7+1⁄4 in)Slupianek #929 APR 1980Split
1822.06 m (72 ft 4+1⁄2 in)Lisovskaya #706 AUG 1988Moscow
1922.05 m (72 ft 4 in)Slupianek #1028 MAY 1980Berlin
Slupianek #1131 MAY 1980Potsdam
2122.04 m (72 ft 3+1⁄2 in)Slupianek #1204 JUL 1979Potsdam
Slupianek #1329 JUL 1979Potsdam
2321.99 m (72 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Fibingerová #226 SEP 1976Opava
2421.98 m (72 ft 1+1⁄4 in)Slupianek #1417 JUL 1979Berlin
2521.96 m (72 ft 1⁄2 in)Fibingerová #308 JUN 1977Ostrava
Lisovskaya #816 AUG 1984Prague
Lisovskaya #928 AUG 1988Vilnius
521.89 m (71 ft 9+3⁄4 in)glideIvanka Khristova Bulgaria04 JUL 1976Belmeken
621.86 m (71 ft 8+1⁄2 in)glideMarianne Adam East Germany23 JUN 1979Leipzig
721.76 m (71 ft 4+1⁄2 in)glideLi Meisu China23 APR 1988Shijiazhuang
821.73 m (71 ft 3+1⁄2 in)glideNatalya Akhrimenko Soviet Union21 MAY 1988Leselidze
921.69 m (71 ft 1+3⁄4 in)glideVita Pavlysh Ukraine20 AUG 1998Budapest
1021.66 m (71 ft 3⁄4 in)glideSui Xinmei China09 JUN 1990Beijing
1121.61 m (70 ft 10+3⁄4 in)glideVerzhinia Veselinova Bulgaria21 AUG 1982Sofia
1221.58 m (70 ft 9+1⁄2 in)glideMargitta Droese-Pufe East Germany28 MAY 1978Erfurt
1321.57 m (70 ft 9 in)glideInes Müller East Germany16 MAY 1988Athens
1421.53 m (70 ft 7+1⁄2 in)glideNunu Abashidze Soviet Union20 JUN 1984Kyiv
1521.52 m (70 ft 7 in)glideHuang Zhihong China27 JUN 1990Beijing
1621.46 m (70 ft 4+3⁄4 in)glideLarisa Peleshenko Russia26 AUG 2000Budapest
1721.45 m (70 ft 4+1⁄4 in)glideNadezhda Chizhova Soviet Union29 SEP 1973Varna
1821.43 m (70 ft 3+1⁄2 in)glideEva Wilms West Germany17 JUN 1977Munich
1921.42 m (70 ft 3+1⁄4 in)glideSvetlana Krachevskaya Soviet Union24 JUL 1980Moscow
2021.31 m (69 ft 10+3⁄4 in)glideHeike Hartwig East Germany16 MAY 1988Athens
2121.27 m (69 ft 9+1⁄4 in)glideLiane Schmuhl East Germany26 JUN 1982Cottbus
2221.24 m (69 ft 8 in)glideValerie Adams New Zealand29 AUG 2011Daegu
2321.22 m (69 ft 7+1⁄4 in)glideAstrid Kumbernuss Germany05 AUG 1995Gothenburg
2421.21 m (69 ft 7 in)glideKathrin Neimke East Germany05 SEP 1987Rome
2521.19 m (69 ft 6+1⁄4 in)glideHelma Knorscheidt East Germany24 MAY 1984Berlin

Men (indoor)
  • Correct as of April 2022.[29]
Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 22.82 m (74 ft 10+1⁄4 in) Ryan Crouser (USA)24 January 2021Fayetteville
2 22.66 m (74 ft 4 in) Randy Barnes (USA)20 January 1989Los Angeles
3 22.55 m (73 ft 11+3⁄4 in) Ulf Timmermann (GDR)11 February 1989Senftenberg
4 22.53 m (73 ft 11 in) Darlan Romani (BRA)19 March 2022Belgrade
5 22.40 m (73 ft 5+3⁄4 in) Adam Nelson (USA)15 February 2008Fayetteville
6 22.31 m (73 ft 2+1⁄4 in) Tom Walsh (NZL)3 March 2018Birmingham
7 22.26 m (73 ft 1⁄4 in) Werner Günthör (SUI)8 February 1987Magglingen
8 22.23 m (72 ft 11 in) A Ryan Whiting (USA)23 February 2014Albuquerque
9 22.18 m (72 ft 9 in) Christian Cantwell (USA)22 February 2008Warrensburg
10 22.17 m (72 ft 8+3⁄4 in) Tomáš Staněk (CZE)6 February 2018Düsseldorf[30]
11 22.11 m (72 ft 6+1⁄4 in) Reese Hoffa (USA)10 March 2006Moscow
12 22.09 m (72 ft 5+1⁄2 in) Mika Halvari (FIN)7 February 2000Tampere
13 22.05 m (72 ft 4 in) Joe Kovacs (USA)13 February 2021Geneva
14 22.02 m (72 ft 2+3⁄4 in) George Woods (USA)8 February 1974Inglewood
15 22.00 m (72 ft 2 in) Konrad Bukowiecki (POL)15 February 2018Toruń
16 21.88 m (71 ft 9+1⁄4 in) David Storl (GER)9 March 2012Istanbul
17 21.85 m (71 ft 8 in) Turner Washington (USA)13 February 2021Lubbock
18 21.84 m (71 ft 7+3⁄4 in) Filip Mihaljević (CRO)27 February 2020Belgrade
19 21.83 m (71 ft 7+1⁄4 in) Oleksandr Bahach (UKR)21 February 1991Brovary
 John Godina (USA)26 February 2005Boston
 Michał Haratyk (POL)12 February 2021Łódź
22 21.81 m (71 ft 6+1⁄2 in) Payton Otterdahl (USA)23 February 2019Brookings
23 21.79 m (71 ft 5+3⁄4 in) Remigius Machura (TCH)13 February 1985Prague
24 21.77 m (71 ft 5 in) Mike Stulce (USA)13 February 1993Birmingham
25 21.74 m (71 ft 3+3⁄4 in) Adrian Piperi (USA)6 February 2021College Station
 Josh Awotunde (USA)27 February 2022Spokane

Women (indoor)
  • Correct as of April 2022.[31]
Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 22.50 m (73 ft 9+3⁄4 in) Helena Fibingerová (TCH)19 February 1977Jablonec nad Nisou
2 22.14 m (72 ft 7+1⁄2 in) Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)7 February 1987Penza
3 21.60 m (70 ft 10+1⁄4 in) Valentina Fedyushina (UKR)28 December 1991Simferopol
4 21.59 m (70 ft 10 in) Ilona Slupianek (GDR)24 January 1979Berlin
5 21.46 m (70 ft 4+3⁄4 in) Claudia Losch (FRG)4 February 1986Zweibrücken
6 21.26 m (69 ft 9 in) Ines Müller (GDR)24 February 1985Berlin
 Natalya Akhrimenko (URS)24 January 1987Leningrad
8 21.23 m (69 ft 7+3⁄4 in) Margitta Droese-Pufe (GDR)26 February 1978Senftenberg
9 21.15 m (69 ft 4+1⁄2 in) Irina Korzhanenko (RUS)18 February 1999Moscow
10 21.10 m (69 ft 2+1⁄2 in) Sui Xinmei (CHN)3 March 1990Beijing
11 21.08 m (69 ft 1+3⁄4 in) Li Meisu (CHN)25 March 1988Beijing
12 21.06 m (69 ft 1 in) Eva Wilms (FRG)19 February 1977Dortmund
 Nunu Abashidze (URS)8 February 1984Budapest
14 21.03 m (68 ft 11+3⁄4 in) Helma Knorscheidt (GDR)4 August 1983Berlin
15 20.98 m (68 ft 9+3⁄4 in) Valerie Adams (NZL)28 August 2013Zürich
16 20.94 m (68 ft 8+1⁄4 in) Kathrin Neimke (GDR)3 February 1988Senftenberg
17 20.85 m (68 ft 4+3⁄4 in) Heidi Krieger (GDR)25 January 1987Berlin
18 20.78 m (68 ft 2 in) Ivanka Khristova (BUL)27 February 2020Belgrade
19 20.75 m (68 ft 3⁄4 in) Heike Hartwig (GDR)7 February 1987Senftenberg
20 20.74 m (68 ft 1⁄2 in) Verzhiniya Veselinova (BUL)21 February 1982Sofia
21 20.73 m (68 ft 0 in) Vita Pavlysh (UKR)22 February 2004Sumy
22 20.71 m (67 ft 11+1⁄4 in) Larisa Peleshenko (URS)11 February 1988Volgograd
23 20.70 m (67 ft 10+3⁄4 in) Liane Schmuhl (GDR)27 February 1982Senftenberg
24 20.69 m (67 ft 10+1⁄2 in) Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)22 January 1999Moscow
25 20.62 m (67 ft 7+3⁄4 in) Nadezhda Chizhova (URS)9 March 1974Gothenburg

Olympic medalists

Men
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
 Robert Garrett
 United States		 Miltiadis Gouskos
 Greece		 Georgios Papasideris
 Greece
1900 Paris
 Richard Sheldon
 United States		 Josiah McCracken
 United States		 Robert Garrett
 United States
1904 St. Louis
 Ralph Rose
 United States		 Wesley Coe
 United States		 Lawrence Feuerbach
 United States
1908 London
 Ralph Rose
 United States		 Denis Horgan
 Great Britain		 John Garrels
 United States
1912 Stockholm
 Pat McDonald
 United States		 Ralph Rose
 United States		 Lawrence Whitney
 United States
1920 Antwerp
 Ville Pörhölä
 Finland		 Elmer Niklander
 Finland		 Harry Liversedge
 United States
1924 Paris
 Bud Houser
 United States		 Glenn Hartranft
 United States		 Ralph Hills
 United States
1928 Amsterdam
 John Kuck
 United States		 Herman Brix
 United States		 Emil Hirschfeld
 Germany
1932 Los Angeles
 Leo Sexton
 United States		 Harlow Rothert
 United States		 František Douda
 Czechoslovakia
1936 Berlin
 Hans Woellke
 Germany		 Sulo Bärlund
 Finland		 Gerhard Stöck
 Germany
1948 London
 Wilbur Thompson
 United States		 Jim Delaney
 United States		 Jim Fuchs
 United States
1952 Helsinki
 Parry O'Brien
 United States		 Darrow Hooper
 United States		 Jim Fuchs
 United States
1956 Melbourne
 Parry O'Brien
 United States		 Bill Nieder
 United States		 Jiří Skobla
 Czechoslovakia
1960 Rome
 Bill Nieder
 United States		 Parry O'Brien
 United States		 Dallas Long
 United States
1964 Tokyo
 Dallas Long
 United States		 Randy Matson
 United States		 Vilmos Varjú
 Hungary
1968 Mexico City
 Randy Matson
 United States		 George Woods
 United States		 Eduard Gushchin
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
 Władysław Komar
 Poland		 George Woods
 United States		 Hartmut Briesenick
 East Germany
1976 Montreal
 Udo Beyer
 East Germany		 Yevgeniy Mironov
 Soviet Union		 Aleksandr Baryshnikov
 Soviet Union
1980 Moscow
 Vladimir Kiselyov
 Soviet Union		 Aleksandr Baryshnikov
 Soviet Union		 Udo Beyer
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
 Alessandro Andrei
 Italy		 Mike Carter
 United States		 Dave Laut
 United States
1988 Seoul
 Ulf Timmermann
 East Germany		 Randy Barnes
 United States		 Werner Günthör
 Switzerland
1992 Barcelona
 Mike Stulce
 United States		 Jim Doehring
 United States		 Vyacheslav Lykho
 Unified Team
1996 Atlanta
 Randy Barnes
 United States		 John Godina
 United States		 Oleksandr Bagach
 Ukraine
2000 Sydney
 Arsi Harju
 Finland		 Adam Nelson
 United States		 John Godina
 United States
2004 Athens
 Adam Nelson
 United States		 Joachim Olsen
 Denmark		 Manuel Martínez
 Spain
2008 Beijing
 Tomasz Majewski
 Poland		 Christian Cantwell
 United States		 Dylan Armstrong
 Canada
2012 London
 Tomasz Majewski
 Poland		 David Storl
 Germany		 Reese Hoffa
 United States
2016 Rio de Janeiro
 Ryan Crouser
 United States		 Joe Kovacs
 United States		 Tom Walsh
 New Zealand
2020 Tokyo
 Ryan Crouser
 United States		 Joe Kovacs
 United States		 Tom Walsh
 New Zealand

Women
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London
 Micheline Ostermeyer
 France		 Amelia Piccinini
 Italy		 Ina Schäffer
 Austria
1952 Helsinki
 Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union		 Marianne Werner
 Germany		 Klavdiya Tochenova
 Soviet Union
1956 Melbourne
 Tamara Tyshkevich
 Soviet Union		 Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union		 Marianne Werner
 United Team of Germany
1960 Rome
 Tamara Press
 Soviet Union		 Johanna Lüttge
 United Team of Germany		 Earlene Brown
 United States
1964 Tokyo
 Tamara Press
 Soviet Union		 Renate Culmberger
 United Team of Germany		 Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union
1968 Mexico City
 Margitta Gummel
 East Germany		 Marita Lange
 East Germany		 Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
 Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union		 Margitta Gummel
 East Germany		 Ivanka Khristova
 Bulgaria
1976 Montreal
 Ivanka Khristova
 Bulgaria		 Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union		 Helena Fibingerová
 Czechoslovakia
1980 Moscow
 Ilona Slupianek
 East Germany		 Svetlana Krachevskaya
 Soviet Union		 Margitta Pufe
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
 Claudia Losch
 West Germany		 Mihaela Loghin
 Romania		 Gael Martin
 Australia
1988 Seoul
 Natalya Lisovskaya
 Soviet Union		 Kathrin Neimke
 East Germany		 Li Meisu
 China
1992 Barcelona
 Svetlana Krivelyova
 Unified Team		 Huang Zhihong
 China		 Kathrin Neimke
 Germany
1996 Atlanta
 Astrid Kumbernuss
 Germany		 Sui Xinmei
 China		 Irina Khudoroshkina
 Russia
2000 Sydney
 Yanina Karolchik
 Belarus		 Larisa Peleshenko
 Russia		 Astrid Kumbernuss
 Germany
2004 Athens
 Yumileidi Cumbá
 Cuba		 Nadine Kleinert
 Germany		 Not awarded[32]
2008 Beijing
 Valerie Vili
 New Zealand		 Misleydis González
 Cuba		 Gong Lijiao
 China
2012 London
 Valerie Adams
 New Zealand		 Gong Lijiao
 China		 Li Ling
 China
2016 Rio de Janeiro
 Michelle Carter
 United States		 Valerie Adams
 New Zealand		 Anita Márton
 Hungary
2020 Tokyo
 Gong Lijiao
 China		 Raven Saunders
 United States		 Valerie Adams
 New Zealand

World Championship medalists

Men
Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
  Edward Sarul (POL)  Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Remigius Machura (TCH)
1987 Rome
  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Alessandro Andrei (ITA)  John Brenner (USA)
1991 Tokyo
  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Lars Arvid Nilsen (NOR)  Aleksandr Klimenko (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Randy Barnes (USA)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
1995 Gothenburg
  John Godina (USA)  Mika Halvari (FIN)  Randy Barnes (USA)
1997 Athens
  John Godina (USA)  Oliver-Sven Buder (GER)  C. J. Hunter (USA)
1999 Seville
  C. J. Hunter (USA)  Oliver-Sven Buder (GER)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
2001 Edmonton
  John Godina (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Arsi Harju (FIN)
2003 Saint-Denis
  Andrei Mikhnevich (BLR)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2005 Helsinki
  Adam Nelson (USA)  Rutger Smith (NED)  Ralf Bartels (GER)
2007 Osaka
  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Rutger Smith (NED)
2009 Berlin
  Christian Cantwell (USA)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)  Ralf Bartels (GER)
2011 Daegu
  David Storl (GER)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)  Christian Cantwell (USA)
2013 Moscow
  David Storl (GER)  Ryan Whiting (USA)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)
2015 Beijing
  Joe Kovacs (USA)  David Storl (GER)  O'Dayne Richards (JAM)
2017 London
  Tom Walsh (NZL)  Joe Kovacs (USA)  Stipe Žunić (CRO)
2019 Doha
  Joe Kovacs (USA)  Ryan Crouser (USA)  Tom Walsh (NZL)

Women
Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
  Helena Fibingerová (TCH)  Helma Knorscheidt (GDR)  Ilona Schoknecht-Slupianek (GDR)
1987 Rome
  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Kathrin Neimke (GDR)  Ines Müller (GDR)
1991 Tokyo
  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Svetlana Krivelyova (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Kathrin Neimke (GER)
1995 Gothenburg
  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Svetla Mitkova (BUL)
1997 Athens
  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)  Stephanie Storp (GER)
1999 Seville
  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)
2001 Edmonton
  Yanina Karolchik (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)
2003 Saint-Denis
  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)
2005 Helsinki[33]
  Olga Ryabinkina (RUS)  Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2007 Osaka
  Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2009 Berlin
  Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2011 Daegu
  Valerie Adams (NZL)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Jillian Camarena-Williams (USA)
2013 Moscow
  Valerie Adams (NZL)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2015 Beijing
  Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Michelle Carter (USA)
2017 London
  Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Anita Márton (HUN)  Michelle Carter (USA)
2019 Doha
  Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]
  Remigius Machura (TCH)  Udo Beyer (GDR)  Jānis Bojārs (URS)
1987 Indianapolis
  Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Sergey Smirnov (URS)
1989 Budapest
  Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Randy Barnes (USA)  Georg Andersen (NOR)
1991 Seville
  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Klaus Bodenmüller (AUT)  Ron Backes (USA)
1993 Toronto
  Mike Stulce (USA)  Jim Doehring (USA)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
1995 Barcelona
  Mika Halvari (FIN)  C. J. Hunter (USA)  Dragan Perić (FRY)
1997 Paris
  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)  John Godina (USA)
1999 Maebashi
  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)  John Godina (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2001 Lisbon
  John Godina (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Manuel Martínez (ESP)
2003 Birmingham
  Manuel Martínez (ESP)  John Godina (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2004 Budapest
  Christian Cantwell (USA)  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Joachim Olsen (DEN)
2006 Moscow
  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Joachim Olsen (DEN)  Pavel Sofin (RUS)
2008 Valencia
  Christian Cantwell (USA)  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)
2010 Doha
  Christian Cantwell (USA)  Ralf Bartels (GER)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)
2012 Istanbul
  Ryan Whiting (USA)  David Storl (GER)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)
2014 Sopot
  Ryan Whiting (USA)  David Storl (GER)  Tomas Walsh (NZL)
2016 Portland
  Tomas Walsh (NZL)  Andrei Gag (ROU)  Filip Mihaljević (CRO)
2018 Birmingham
  Tomas Walsh (NZL)  David Storl (GER)  Tomáš Staněk (CZE)
2022 Belgrade
  Darlan Romani (BRA)  Ryan Crouser (USA)  Tomas Walsh (NZL)

Women
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]
  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Ines Müller (GDR)  Nunu Abashidze (URS)
1987 Indianapolis
  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Ilona Briesenick (GDR)  Claudia Losch (FRG)
1989 Budapest
  Claudia Losch (FRG)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Christa Wiese (GDR)
1991 Seville
  Sui Xinmei (CHN)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)
1993 Toronto
  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Stephanie Storp (GER)  Zhang Liuhong (CHN)
1995 Barcelona
  Kathrin Neimke (GER)  Connie Price-Smith (USA)  Grit Hammer (GER)
1997 Paris
  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Irina Korzhanenko (RUS)
1999 Maebashi
  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Krystyna Danilczyk-Zabawska (POL)  Teri Steer-Tunks (USA)
2001 Lisbon
  Larisa Peleshenko (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)
2003 Birmingham
  Irina Korzhanenko (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)
2004 Budapest
  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Yumileidi Cumbá (CUB)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2006 Moscow
  Natallia Mikhnevich (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Olga Ryabinkina (RUS)
2008 Valencia
  Valerie Vili (NZL)  Li Meiju (CHN)  Misleydis González (CUB)
2010 Doha
  Valerie Adams (NZL)  Anna Avdeyeva (RUS)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2012 Istanbul
  Valerie Adams (NZL)  Michelle Carter (USA)  Jillian Camarena-Williams (USA)
2014 Sopot
  Valerie Adams (NZL)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2016 Portland
  Michelle Carter (USA)  Anita Márton (HUN)  Valerie Adams (NZL)
2018 Birmingham
  Anita Márton (HUN)  Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2022 Belgrade
  Auriol Dongmo (POR)  Chase Ealey (USA)  Jessica Schilder (NED)
  • A Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

See also

Notes and references
  1. "Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: Putt v n1".
  2. Colin White (31 December 2009). Projectile Dynamics in Sport: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-415-47331-6. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  3. "Hammer Throw". IAAF. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  4. Shot Put – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-02-28.
  5. "Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events" (PDF). USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest. Retrieved 2022-03-19. The shot, discus, hammer & weight throw sector is 34.92º. This angle was chosen due to its simple geometry.
  6. "Follow These Directions for the Glide Technique in Shot Put".
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2018-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "Shot Put Spin and Glide Technique Comparison". 2013-09-17.
  9. Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru (in Russian) reference tested at 11 May 2009
  10. Aleksandr Baryshnikov, Athlete from Russia (in Russian) Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine reference tested at 11 May 2009
  11. Григорий РУДЕРМАН (Израиль), заслуженный тренер России «Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития.» reference tested at 11 May 2009
  12. http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf
  13. Playboy Poland 8/2012, page 44,45
  14. "Ryan Crouser breaks world indoor shot put record with 2 best throws in history". 24 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. "Men's Outdoor Shot Put | Records". worldathletics.org. World Athletics. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  16. "Women's Outdoor Shot Put | Records". worldathletics.org. World Athletics. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  17. "Shot Put Men Senior Outdoor". IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  18. "All-time men's best Shot Put". alltime-athletics.com. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  19. "Crouser smashes world shot put record with 23.37m in Eugene | REPORT | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  20. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). IAAF. 5 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  21. Brian Russell (1 July 2019). "Romani takes surprise shot put win in Stanford – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  22. Mike Rowbottom (31 August 2017). "Hill hits the shot put jackpot in Brussels' Place de la Monnaie – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  23. "Haratyk smashes Polish shot put record with 22.32m in Warsaw". European Athletics. 28 July 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  24. Bob Ramsak (14 September 2019). "Bukowiecki improves to 22.25m in Chorzow". IAAF. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  25. "Cessange -Luxembourg- (Luxembourg), 3–4.8.2019 -Mémorial J.-P. Kops & J.-M. Reuter-". trackinsun.blogspot.com. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  26. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  27. "Shot Put Women Senior Outdoor". IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  28. "All-time women's best Shot Put". alltime-athletics.com. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  29. "Shot Put - men - senior - indoor". World Athletics. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  30. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  31. "Shot Put - women - senior - indoor". World Athletics. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  32. Athens 2004 Athletics Medalists. Olympic.org. Retrieved on 2014-04-19.
  33. Revision of results following sanctions of Tsikhan and Ostapchuk
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.