Slave raiding

The act of slave raiding involves an organised and concerted attack on a settlement with the purpose of taking the area's people. The collected new slaves are often kept in some form of slave pen or depot. From there, the slave takers will transport them to a distant place by means such as a slave ship or camel caravan. When conquered people are enslaved and remain in their place, it is not raiding.

European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to the Netherlands, Ireland and the southwest of Britain, as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern Mediterranean. On some occasions, settlements such as Baltimore in Ireland were abandoned following a raid, only being resettled many years later.[3][4]

Although there was a general ban of slavery of indigenous people by Spanish Crown the 1598–1604 Mapuche uprising that ended with the Destruction of the Seven Cities made the Spanish in 1608 declare slavery legal for those Mapuches caught in war.[5] Mapuches "rebels" were considered Christian apostates and could therefore be enslaved according to the church teachings of the day.[6] In reality these legal changes only formalized Mapuche slavery that was already occurring at the time, with captured Mapuches being treated as property in the way that they were bought and sold among the Spanish. Legalisation made Spanish slave raiding increasingly common in the Arauco War.[5] Mapuche slaves were exported north to places such as La Serena and Lima.[7] The Mapuche uprising of 1655 had parts of its background in the slave hunting expeditions of Juan de Salazar, including his failed 1654 expedition.[8][9] Slavery for Mapuches "caught in war" was abolished in 1683 after decades of legal attempts by the Spanish Crown to suppress it.[7]

The Vikings raided the coastlines of Ireland for people, cattle and goods, high status captives were taken to be ransomed back to the community or families, this included bishops and kings. In the Annals of Ulster it is recorded that in 821 AD Howth, was raided and "a great booty of women was carried away".[10] By the tenth and eleventh centuries the Vikings had established slave markets in Ireland's major ports.[10] However following political allegiances with the Vikings the Irish Kings also took local captives to profit from these slave markets.[10] By the late tenth century the Vikings began to suffer significant military defeats and the Irish Kings now sized captives from the defeated Viking armies and their captured towns, with the justification that the inhabitants were foreigners bearing the sins of their ancestors.[10]

Raiding of villages was also a method of capturing slaves in Africa.[11][2][12] Overwhelming majority of the slaves started of as free people who were enslaved through such enslavement processes.[11] While there was some slave raiding along the African coasts by Europeans, much of the raiding and enslavement that took place were enslaved by other Africans.[11] Gomes Eannes de Azurara, who witnessed a Portuguese raid noted that some captives drowned themselves, others hid in under their huts, and others hid their children among the seaweed.[11] Some European merchants raids unprotected villages along the African coast for slaves, while most traded for slaves.[11] Portuguese coastal raiders found out that raiding was too costly and often ineffective and opted for established commercial relations.[12]

The increase of demand for slaves due to the expansion of European colonial powers to the New World made the slave trade much more lucrative to the West African powers, leading to the establishment of a number of actual West African empires thriving on slave trade.[13] These included the Bono State, Oyo empire (Yoruba), Kong Empire, Imamate of Futa Jallon, Imamate of Futa Toro, Kingdom of Koya, Kingdom of Khasso, Kingdom of Kaabu, Fante Confederacy, Ashanti Confederacy, and the kingdom of Dahomey.[14] These kingdoms relied on a militaristic culture of constant warfare to generate the great numbers of human captives required for trade with the Europeans.[15][16]

The practice of slavery and slave raiding also took place along the borders of the South African Republic by the Boers up until atleast 1870.[17] West Transvaal Boers procured women and children as slaves and use them as domestic servants and plantation workers.[17] Boer slave raids in the South African Republic were regular and the number captured totaled in the thousands.[17] This is despite the prohibition of slavery north of the Vaal River under the 1852 Sand River Convention.[17]