Strategy of tension

A strategy of tension (Italian: strategia della tensione) is a policy wherein violent struggle is encouraged rather than suppressed. The purpose is to create a general feeling of insecurity in the population and make people seek security in a strong government. This is supposed to pave the way for a more authoritarian, or even neofascist, government.[1]

The strategy of tension is most closely identified with the Years of Lead in Italy from 1968 to 1982, wherein both far-left Marxist and far-right neo-fascist extra-parliamentary groups, and state intelligence agencies performed bombings, kidnappings, arsons, and murders.[2][3] Some historians and activists have accused NATO of allowing and sanctioning such terrorism, through projects such as Operation Gladio, although this is hotly disputed by the intelligence agencies involved and other historians.[4][5] Other cases where writers have alleged a strategy of tension include the deep state in Turkey from the 1970s–1990s ("Ergenekon"),[6] the war veterans and ZANU–PF in Zimbabwe which coordinated the farm invasions of 2000,[7] the DRS security agency in Algeria from 1991 to 1999,[8] and the State Security Service (Belgium) during the Belgian terrorist crisis of 1982–1986.[9]

Examples

Italy
See also: Years of Lead (Italy)

From 1968–1982, Italy suffered numerous terrorist attacks by both the left and the right, which were often followed by government round-ups and mass arrests.[3] An allegation, especially made by adherents of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), was that the government trumped up and intentionally allowed the attacks of communist radicals as an excuse to arrest other communists, and allowed the attacks of far-right paramilitary organizations as an extrajudicial way to silence enemies.[1]

Various parliamentary committees were held to investigate these crimes as well as prosecute them in the 1990s. A 1995 report from the Left Democrats (a merger of former center-left parties and the PCI) to a subcommittee of the Italian Parliament stated that a "strategy of tension" had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI, and to a certain degree also the PSI, from reaching executive power in the country". Aldo Giannuli, a historian who worked as a consultant to the parliamentary terrorism commission, wrote that he considered the Left Democrats' report as dictated primarily by domestic political considerations rather than historical ones: "Since they have been in power the Left Democrats have given us very little help in gaining access to security service archives," he said. "This is a falsely courageous report." Giannuli did decry the fact that many more leftist terrorists were prosecuted and convicted than rightist terrorists, though.[1]

Swiss academic Daniele Ganser wrote NATO's Secret Armies, a 2004 book that alleged direct NATO support for far-right terrorists in Italy as part of its "strategy of tension".[10] Ganser also alleges that Operation Gladio, an effort to organize stay-behind guerillas and resistance in the event of a communist takeover by the Eastern bloc of Italy, continued into the 1970s and supplied the far-right neofascist movements with weapons. Ganser's conclusions have been disputed;[4][11] most notably, Ganser heavily cites the document US Army Field Manual 30-31B, which the US state department claims is a 1976 Soviet hoax meant to discredit the US.[12]

In a BBC documentary on Gladio, the neo-fascist terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra reported that the stay-behind armies really did possess this strategy, stating that the state needed those terrorist attacks for the population to willingly turn to the state and ask for security.[13]

See also
  • False flag
  • Fear mongering
  • Fasanella-Cereghino. Colonia Italia. Giornali radio e tv: cosi' gli Inglesi ci controllano (Chiarelettere, 2015) pp 250–261. In Italian.

References
  1. Bull, Anna Cento (2012). Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0857454508.
  2. Campani, Giovanna. "Neo-fascism from the Twentieth Century to the Third Millennium: The Case of Italy". In Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna; Benveniste, Annie (eds.). The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering'. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-55679-0.
  3. Drake, Richard (1999). "Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of Terrorism and Liberation". South Central Review. 16: 62–76. doi:10.2307/3190077. JSTOR 3190077. More than twelve hundred people died or suffered grievous injury from this violence, which from 1969 to 1984 included thousands of terrorist attacks. Dozens of groups on the left and the right were involved.
  4. Hansen, Peer Henrik (Summer 2005). "Review of NATO's Secret Armies". Journal of Intelligence History.
  5. Davies, Philip H.J. (December 2005). "Review of NATO's Secret Armies". The Journal of Strategic Studies: 1064–1068.
  6. Elik, Suleyman (7 October 2013). Iran-Turkey Relations, 1979-2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics, Religion and Security in Middle-Power States. Routledge. ISBN 9780415726238.
  7. Carver, R. (2000). "Zimbabwe, a Strategy of Tension" (PDF). UNHCR.
  8. https://algeria-watch.org/?p=61551; http://observer.com/2017/09/two-decades-later-algeria-protects-mystery-of-bentalha-massacre/
  9. Jenkins, Philip (1990). "Strategy of tension: The Belgian terrorist crisis 1982–1986". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 13 (4–5): 299–309. doi:10.1080/10576109008435838.
  10. "Interview with Daniele Ganser" (PDF). (154 KB), December 29, 2006, on Voltaire network's website (in French): "It is a tactic which consists in committing bombings and attributing them to others. By the term 'tension' one refers to emotional tension, to what creates a sentiment of fear. By the term 'strategy' one refers to what feeds the fear of the people towards one particular group".
  11. Olav Riste and Leopoldo Nuti, "Introduction: Strategy of 'Stay-Behind'," The Journal of Strategic Studies, December 2007, 930.
  12. "Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces - US Department of State". Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. "Operation Gladio - Full 1992 documentary BBC - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.