Tourism in Russia

Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first domestic tourism and then international tourism as well. Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Not including Crimea, the country contains 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while many more are on UNESCO's tentative lists.[1]

St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square

Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers including the Volga, and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer many different foods and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe.[2]

Land and climate
Birch forest in summer in Central European Russia

Central European Russia (e.g. Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) is in the same climate zone as the Baltic states, Belarus, and northern Ukraine. The climate of south-west Russia (the lower Volga, and the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) is more arid, with hotter summers and shorter winters. The climate of Russia's Far East along the Pacific coast is similar to that of Hokkaido, Japan and north-east China. The most severe climate is in Siberia where winters are very cold and summers are very hot, and in Russia's Far North where temperatures are always low, with the exception of Murmansk, where the sea never freezes due to the influence of the warm Norwegian Current. The climate of Russia's Black Sea coast is subtropical.

Contrary to popular belief, the climate of most popular tourist areas of Russia is not severe and is similar to that of Eastern Europe. The mean temperatures of December, January and February in Moscow are −4 °C (25 °F), −7 °C (19 °F), −6 °C (21 °F) respectively, but colder weather is common. Over the past few decades spells of extremely cold weather (below −20 °C/-4 °F) in central European Russia have become rare (in the winter 2016/2017, Moscow had temperatures below −20 °C only for three days), while the number of wintry days when the temperature is close to or slightly above the freezing point has grown significantly. In coastal areas wintry temperatures can feel somewhat colder than they actually are due to high humidity.

Unless you are allergic to the pollen of certain trees and herbs (such as birch, horse chestnut, alder, lilac, cherry tree, ash tree, rowan tree, lime tree, dandelion), the best time for travelling to central European Russia is late spring when the temperatures are pleasant and many trees are in bloom, and early and mid autumn when trees change their colour and it is not cold yet. Summer months are also good except for June in cities in central and south Russia when poplar fluff can be a nuisance, but recently the authorities of many Russian cities have taken action against the fluff by cutting and removing poplar trees and the situation has improved dramatically. Late autumn, winter months, and early spring will be enjoyable if you wear appropriate clothes and shoes. If you are interested in winter activities, in central European Russia it usually begins to snow in late autumn and snowpack usually doesn't melt away completely before early April, although spells of warm weather do occur and snow can temporarily melt away in mid-winter. Ski resorts in mountainous areas have snow throughout the winter season. Central European Russia sometimes experiences cold spells in early May when the temperature can go from +15 °C/59 °F to the freezing point for a few days.

Tourism

Visa and Entry Requirements
See also: Visa policy of Russia
The Motherland Calls in Volgograd is the tallest statue of a woman in the world (not including pedestals)

The citizens of CIS member states, most Latin American countries, Israel and South Africa, can travel in Russia for 90 days without a visa; visitors from South Korea can visit Russia for 60 days without a visa; while tourists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cuba, Laos, Macau, Macedonia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Serbia, Seychelles and Thailand, can visit for 30 days without a visa.

Free e-visas for visiting three regions in Russia's Far East (Primorye, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka) are available for tourists from China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Mexico, and some other countries.

Tourists from other countries are required to visit a Russian diplomatic mission to purchase a visa. Tourists are required to have a valid passport when crossing the Russian border. Russian visas cannot be purchased at the border. For more information see visa policy of Russia.

Cultural tourism
Kizhi in north-west Russia
Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street in Nizhny Novgorod

The most popular tourist destinations in Russia are Saint Petersburg (which appeared in the list of top visited cities of Europe in 2010) and Moscow, the current and the former capitals of the country and great cultural centers, recognized as World Cities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg feature such world-renowned museums as Hermitage and Tretyakov Gallery, famous theaters including Bolshoi and Mariinsky, ornate churches such as Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, impressive fortifications such as Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, beautiful squares such as Red Square and Palace Square, and streets such as Tverskaya and Nevsky Prospect. Rich palaces and parks of extreme beauty are found in the former imperial residences in the suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and Saint Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk Palace, Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow contains a great variety of impressive Soviet-era buildings along with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North, boasts its classical architecture, many rivers, channels and bridges.

Grand Cascade in Peterhof in Saint Petersburg

Nizhny Novgorod is the capital of the Volga region. It is considered to be "younger brother" of Moscow because it has its own Kremlin, the metro, the so-called "Nizhny Novgorod Arbat" (Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street) and even a copy of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, the original of which is in the Russian capital. Nizhny Novgorod is divided into two parts by the Oka River. The Upper City is its historical part. Here are the Kremlin, Minin and Pozharsky Square, Bolshaya Pokrovskaya and Rozhdestvenskaya streets, nightclubs, open spaces, a large number of monuments and simply historical places. The Lower City is its industrial and commercial part. Here are the Fair, the old Sormovo and Kanavino, GAZ and Sotsgorod (the so-called "city in the city"), the railway terminal, the airport and many attractions for people who want to see the styles of underground, industrial and grunge. The city is the main starting point for cruises along Volga River. From here begins shipping to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a unique mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia, though a number of other major Russian cities compete for this status, including Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Samara, all being major cultural centers with rich history and prominent architecture. Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Dmitrov and the cities of Golden Ring (Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and others) have at best preserved the architecture and the spirit of ancient and medieval Rus', and also are among the main tourist destinations. Many old fortifications (typically Kremlins), monasteries and churches are scattered throughout Russia, forming its unique cultural landscape both in big cities and in remote areas.

Sakha Republic proposes to use former forced labour camps as a tourist attraction.[3] Poles visit places of Communist crimes, e.g. of the Katyn massacre and Solovetsky Islands.[4][5]

Notable museums

Russia enjoys a rich cultural heritage and is home to many museums. The most notable include the Tretyakov Gallery, the Kremlin Armoury and the State Historical Museum in Moscow, the Hermitage Museum, and the Russian Museum in St Petersburg, the Kazan Kremlin in Kazan, etc.

Russia is also famous for having many museums related to its literary and classical music heritage, such as Yasnaya Polyana associated with Leo Tolstoy, the Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve associated with Alexander Pushkin, the Dostoyevsky Museum, the Tchaikovsky State House-Museum. the Rimsky-Korsakov Apartment and Museum, the Mikhail Glinka Museum in Moscow, the Sergei Rachmaninoff Estate Museum in Ivanovka, Tambov Region, the Alexander Scriabin Apartment Museum in Moscow.

Museums related to Russia's military history and military hardware include the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Hill, the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of Russia in Moscow, the Central Museum of the Russian Air Force in Monino, Moscow Region, the Central Naval Museum in St Petersburg, the Battle of Stalingrad Museum in Volgograd.

Famous museums related to science and technology include the Polytechnic Museum of Moscow, the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, the Museum of the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation in Korolev, Moscow Region.

The State Historical Museum
Russian Museum
Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow
The Hermitage Museum

Nature tourism

In Russia, Nature Reserves have long history and it has its own word of definition Zapovedniks (Russian: заповедник, plural заповедники, ) more than 100 Nature Reserves exist in Russia and more than 50 National Parks it has a great attraction to tourists. several of them are among World Heritage Sites. The most famous national parks and sanctuaries of Russia include the Baikal Nature Reserve , the Altai Nature Reserve, the Lazovsky Nature Reserve, the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, the Curonian Spit National Park, the Valdaysky National Park, the Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve, the Ilmen Nature Reserve. The Seven Wonders of Russia, the most popular tourist destinations chosen in a national vote in 2008, include Lake Baikal, Valley of Geysers, Manpupuner rock formations, and Mount Elbrus. Other areas interesting for tourists include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia where many lakes and granite rocks are found, including, Tyva with its wild steppes, Republic of Adygea where Fisht Mountain is located, Chechnya Republic where Lake Kezenoyam is located.[6]

The Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka Peninsula
Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world and the biggest fresh-water lake by volume
Mount Elbrus with its two peaks
The Manpupuner rock formations

Health tourism
Narzan Gallery building in Kislovodsk housing a dozen fontains of both hot and cold mineral-rich water

Several mineral spa resorts have been established across Russia throughout the ages. The most renown regions are Kamchatka Krai, Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, North Caucasus region of Russia.[7] Numerous cites enjoy natural hot spring water during winter and some of Russian cities are called Russian Spa town, including Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk and Mineralnye Vody; these towns are jointly known as the Caucasian Mineral Waters.

Russia has one of the largest water borders in world, but only the more Southern regions are suitable for resort tourism. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular seaside resorts such as Sochi and Tuapse, known for their shale beaches and the wonderful nature of the Caucasus Mountains.

Winter sport

A vast part of Russian territory is in Subarctic climate and humid continental climate, and that is why it is cold. In addition, Russia is mountainous in regions like Northern Caucasus, Altai Krai and Kamchatka Peninsula. The Highest peak in Europe, Mount Elbrus, is in Russia, which makes Russia a perfect place for Winter sport. In fact, ski resorts are quite common in Russia and 2014 Winter Olympics is the resemblance of how ski resorts has been developed in Russia. The most famous ski resort in Russia is Sochi and its Krasnaya Polyana. Other most popular ski resorts in Russia are Dombay in Karachay–Cherkessia in Northern Caucasus.

The Gornaya Karusel in Sochi
Dombay
The Sheregesh in Kemerovo Oblast
Igora ski resort

Medical tourism

Russia is a destination for medical tourism. A large factor in its continued popularity is the relatively weak ruble post-2014, which saw the industry grow rapidly from some 110 thousand clients in 2017[8] to some 728 thousand clients in the first five months of 2020.[9] Stomatology is the most popular (44% of patients), genecology and urology follow (25% taken together), the other popular services are plastic surgery (10%), ophthalmology (10%), and cardiology (5%).[8] Most clients come from the CIS states, where receiving high-tech medical assistance can be problematic, particularly from Central Asia, which amounts for 62% of all patients; but also from Eastern Europe (32%), South and East Asia (5%).[10] In addition to price and accessibility of complex manipulations, the difference in regulations between Russia and the clients' own nations is a driving factor for receiving care in Russia: for instance, in vitro fertilization is illegal in China, but legal in Russia.[9]

Religious tourism

Religious tourism has two main subtypes: pilgrimage, as travel done for religious or spiritual purposes, and the viewing of religious monuments and artefacts, as a kind of sightseeing. The former is relatively insignificant for the Russian tourism industry, amounting for approximately 100 thousands pilgrims yearly.[11] The latter is much more important, places of worship gracing the tourist centers of most Russian cities, or specifically visited even by secular tourists in their remote locations for their architectural splendour.

Orthodox Christianity being by far the most common religion in Russia, it also accounts for most religious monuments across the country, churches being so common a sight in Russia as to earn it a moniker "the golden-domed". Multiple Orthodox Christian churches and cathedrals are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.

Muslim peoples have been a part of the Russian state for half a millennium, which means multiple pieces of Islamic religious architectural art are scattered across the country, from mosques to maqāms. They are still mostly clustered in the historically Muslim regions, but some can be found in most major cities.

Russia has a significant Buddhist minority, including the Buryats traditionally living near Lake Baikal, the Tuvans, as well as the Kalmyks, the only Buddhist ethnicity of Europe.

Major national holidays and celebrations

for a full list see Public holidays in Russia

Major events

Souvenirs and food

Typical souvenirs include the Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, samovars for water heating, ushanka and papaha warm hats, and fur clothes among other items. Russian vodka and caviar are among the food that attracts foreigners, along with honey, blini, pelmeni, shchi soup and other products and dishes of Russian cuisine.

Regions and localities associated with specific souvenirs and products

Transport

For security reasons, Russian ticket offices sell tickets for trains, airplanes and coaches only if you show your passport.[13]

Railways
Sapsan train

The state-owned company Russian Railways (abbreviated as РЖД) operates most of rail services across the country and is crucial for the rail transport in Russia. High-speed rail services are available between Moscow and St Petersburg, between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, and between St Petersburg and Helsinki (Finland). European Russia and the Russian Far East are connected by rail via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days.[14] Russia uses the 1,524mm (5ft) track gauge, which is also shared by all the former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and is practically identical with the rail gauge of Finland. Trains crossing the border between Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) and EU member states (except the Baltic states and Finland) or between Russia and China, stop at special crossing points where each carriage is lifted for its bogies to be changed. Trains remain at crossing points for up to 2 hours.[15]

Sea and river transport
Boats on Griboyedov Canal in St Petersburg

Russia's major sea ports include St Petersburg and Kaliningrad on the Baltic coast; Murmansk and Arkhangelsk on the Arctic coast; Vladivostok, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Pacific coast; Sochi, Novorossiysk, and Sevastopol on the Black Sea coast; Astrakhan on the Caspian coast. In European Russia, many river boat companies offer journeys to cities and towns on the Volga River, its tributaries and connected canals: Moscow (via the Moscow Canal), Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan. River boats from St Petersburg can travel to Staraya Ladoga and Veliky Novgorod on the Volkhov River, to Ladoga Lake, and to Moscow (via canals).[16]

Air transport

Russia's busiest international airports are situated near Moscow, St Petersburg, Volgograd, Kazan, Krasnodar, Sochi, and Vladivostok. For more information see a list of airports in Russia. Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by direct flights from most European capitals, and Moscow also has direct flights from many cities in East Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North America.[17] Countries that have no direct flights to Russia include Australia,[18] Canada[19] and Ukraine.[20]

Roads

Major national thoroughfares are known as federal highways. For more information see Russian federal highways. Most of highways are toll-free, however recently there have opened a few toll roads.[21] Usual roads in smaller Russian cities and in the countryside can be in bad condition.[22] During the cold season (from November till April), when there is permanent snowpack and ice on the roads, winter tyres are mandatory.[23]

Public transport in major cities
The letter M at the entrance to a Moscow metro station

Russian cities that have a metro include Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Kazan.[24] Entrances to metro stations are marked using the letter M which looks the same in the Russian and Roman alphabets. On the Moscow Metro, announcements on trains are made in Russian and English, and direction signs and maps often include English.[25] Apart from buses and trams, trolleybuses are a very common means of overground transport in Russian cities. For more information see the list of trolleybus systems in Russia. Another widely used means of public transport is marshrutkas, or shared taxies. If you are going to visit Moscow and use public transport, see the article about the Troika card (a similar card known as Podorozhnik is used in St Petersburg). Taxi services available in major Russian cities include Yandex, Uber (operated by Yandex.Taxi), and Gett.

Safety

Natural disasters

Natural hazards of central European Russia include hurricanes, thunderstorms, and spring floods when snowpack accumulated during the winter melts away; south Russia sometimes experiences flash floods. Earthquakes do not occur in Russia except for mountainous areas in the south (the Caucasus Mountains, the Altai Mountains) and the Pacific coast. Forest fires can occur in hot summers, especially in south Siberia.

Dangerous animals

Big wild animals such as bears and wolves are common in wooded areas of Siberia and Russia's Far East, they also inhabit some remote thick forests in north-east European Russia; female bears can be especially dangerous when they have cubs, while male bears are especially dangerous if they wake up and roam in wintertime; wolves are dangerous in the winter period. The only poisonous snake in central European Russia is the viper; it mainly inhabits boggy and marshy forests but can occasionally be met in other types of forests, so high boots are advisable for forest trips and hikes. Tick-borne encephalitis is another hazard that is associated with forests and parks in Russia. Animals that are most prone to rabies are stray dogs and cats, wild foxes, wolves, hedgehogs, Raccoon dogs.

Environmental contamination

A certain level of radioactive contamination (corresponding to that of central Austria and central Sweden) caused by rains following the Chernobyl disaster is found in some parts of Bryansk Region and Tula Region. High levels of industrial contamination are found in the city of Norilsk and in Chelyabinsk Region and Sverdlovsk Region.

Public safety

Most Russian cities are safe to visit. According to travel advice by the UK government, "most visits to Russia are trouble-free, but petty crime does happen".[26]

Militant groups

Most regions of Russia are safe, however travels to some areas in North Caucasus can pose a certain risk, especially parts of Chechnya and Dagestan.

Foreign travel statistics

In 2013, 27 million international tourists arrived in Russia, generating US$11.2 billion in international tourism revenue for the country.[27] Including domestic and international tourism, the industry directly contributed RUB860 billion to the Russian GDP and supported 966,500 jobs in the country.[28]

Visitor statistics

According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service and the Federal State Statistics Service, most visitors arriving to Russia were from the following countries of nationality:[29][30]

Nationality Total (includes all types of purposes of visits)
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
 Ukraine 3,648,972 8,646,295 9,177,272 9,817,008 9,737,405
 Kazakhstan 1,426,727 4,324,856 4,241,244 4,137,613 4,686,059
 Uzbekistan 720,041 2,588,922 2,354,642 2,350,007 2,116,480
 Abkhazia 414,927 600,399 492,310 436,368 415,606
 Tajikistan 401,888 1,557,148 1,340,975 1,350,356 1,293,270
 Kyrgyzstan 299,611 959,130 859,735 836,946 792,042
 Azerbaijan 269,807 1,175,045 1,145,327 1,143,243 1,156,703
 Armenia 209,812 816,454 825,200 857,212 833,577
 Finland 180,110 938,693 994,098 1,063,348 1,376,646
 Belarus 176,601 440,438 403,597 382,022 320,372
 China 155,594 2,257,039 2,030,319 1,780,200 1,565,524
 Moldova 154,766 614,043 698,027 803,916 699,112
 Philippines 133,414 193,031 179,672 172,278 160,734
 Poland 133,014 680,382 728,546 765,544 1,056,013
 Turkey 132,372 187,612 196,061 181,285 120,035
 Estonia 105,584 540,062 496,582 432,803 433,926
 Latvia 93,865 365,783 355,641 330,266 360,603
Stateless persons 74,215 303,851 327,613 318,393 321,383
 South Ossetia 70,470 147,355 143,501 137,427 115,382
 Germany 69,456 744,473 701,576 629,082 613,370
 Lithuania 57,883 253,950 243,190 256,009 281,168
 Mongolia 56,625 394,994 401,485 416,293 542,196
 Georgia 56,266 120,086 123,732 117,204 65,378
 India 46,025 180,567 159,865 130,400 108,498
 South Korea 42,297 453,796 386,413 276,560 181,024
 France 38,391 249,410 236,583 211,673 201,260
 Israel 32,402 260,472 228,530 185,426 182,438
 Italy 28,432 251,751 225,776 206,860 208,689
 Serbia 26,731 84,852 96,730 87,899 79,575
 United Kingdom 22,471 194,956 216,029 193,522 190,278
 Turkmenistan 21,680 92,616 82,675 65,749 56,258
 Vietnam 19,477 90,565 84,612 77,391 66,939
 United States 19,306 300,933 337,395 293,011 248,990
 Japan 16,048 127,696 119,240 114,207 95,675
 Netherlands 14,663 84,651 80,540 73,729 68,017
 Egypt 13,481 28,039 39,402
 Iran 12,725 54,469 61,007 91,862 75,203
 Thailand 12,183 72,031 64,898 52,697 32,222
 Greece 11,732 44,784 42,967 41,205 46,730
 Bulgaria 10,255 41,083 40,836 39,191 41,290
 Austria 9,977 67,429 64,500 59,501 56,663
 Czech Republic 9,874 57,835 53,739 49,232 47,288
 Indonesia 9,671 40,284 31,695 25,425 20,211
 Spain 9,565 140,181 123,652 118,642 116,032
 Romania 9,335 32,779 29,920 26,330 23,684
 Norway 8,506 52,022 51,003 53,197 46,631
 Sweden 8,308 43,198 55,329 32,095 39,153
 Belgium 7,534 42,473 48,270 38,868 37,492
 Croatia 7,480 19,243 36,045
 Switzerland 7,407 55,747 59,828 53,167 52,656
 Cuba 6,631 29,169 27,882 30,711 26,667
 Hungary 5,680 35,541 32,998 25,659 25,313
 Denmark 5,01624,662 31,308
Total n/a 32,866,265 32,550,677 32,035,443 31,466,538
Visa statistics

Most visas were issued in the following countries:[31][32]

LocationNumber of visas issued in
202020192018201720162015
 Germany58,953410,780360,582336,423324,959299,791
 China41,280453,338406,831371,489339,030357,040
 Turkey34,16283,16981,17779,89845,20933,698
 France27,059172,870146,491145,576131,229119,314
 United Kingdom20,77092,57388,29096,24693,16987,863
 Italy18,272162,529139,797129,124129,038117,123
 United States16,736106,25098,93695,63094,68285,974
 Finland14,271110,480105,157108,792116,462112,655
 Latvia11,29578,72779,08274,38277,57470,328
 Poland10,53567,66662,84059,18754,88543,038
Total452 1613,090,5382,758,8932,687,1462,505,4572,283,850

See also

References
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  22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. "Winter Tyre Laws". Continental-tires.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  24. "Metro Systems in RUSSIA – Metro systems of the World". Retrieved 16 December 2017.
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  31. Количество выданных виз всего
  32. Количество выданных виз по странам
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