Yahgan people

In 1871, Anglican missionaries Thomas Bridges and George Lewis established a mission in Tierra del Fuego where they raised their families. Bridges learned the Yaghan language when he decided to remain on Keppel Island at the age of 17. Over more than a decade, he compiled a grammar and 30,000-word Yaghan-English dictionary.

Bridges' second son, Lucas Bridges, also learned the language and was one of the few Europeans to do so. In his 1948 book, a history of that period, he writes that in the Yaghan autonym or name for themselves was yamana, meaning person, though modern usage is for man only, not women. The plural is yamali(m)). The name Yaghan, originally and correctly spelled Yahgan, was first used by his father, Thomas Bridges, from the name of their territory, Yahgashaga, or Yahga Strait. They called themselves Yahgashagalumoala, meaning "people from mountain valley channel" (-lum means 'from', -oala is a collective term for 'men', the singular being ua). It was the inhabitants of the Murray Channel area, Yahgashaga, from whom Thomas Bridges first learned the language.[6]

The name Tekenika (Spanish: Tequenica), first applied to a sound in Hoste Island, simply means "I do not understand" (from teki- see and -vnnaka (v schwa) have trouble doing), and evidently originated as the answer to a misunderstood question.[7]

Despite the cold climate, the early Yaghan wore little to no clothing, which only changed after extended contact with Europeans.[8] They were able to survive the harsh climate because:

• They kept warm by huddling around small fires, including in those set in boats, to stay warm. The name of "Tierra del Fuego" (land of fire) was based on the many fires seen by passing European explorers.
• They used rock formations on their land to shelter from the elements.
• They covered themselves in animal grease to trap heat and provide an extra layer of fat.[9]
• Over time, they evolved significantly higher metabolisms than average humans, allowing them to generate more internal body heat.[10]
• Their natural resting position was a deep squatting position, which reduced their surface area and helped to conserve heat.[9]

Distribution of the pre-Hispanic people in the Southern Patagonia

The Yaghan may have been driven to the inhospitable Tierra del Fuego by enemies to the north. They were renowned for their complete indifference to the cold weather.[11] Although they had fires and small domed shelters, they routinely went about completely naked, and the women swam in cold waters hunting for shellfish.[12] They were often observed to sleep in the open, completely unsheltered and unclothed, while the Europeans shivered under blankets.[8] A Chilean researcher claimed their average body temperature was warmer than that of a European by at least one degree.[10]

A traditional Yahgan basket, woven with smoked Juncus effusus by Abuela Cristina

Mateo Martinic, in Crónica de las tierras del sur del canal Beagle, asserts that there were five groups of Yahgan people:

• Wakimaala on both shores of the Beagle Channel from Yendegaia Bay to Puerto Róbalo and at the Murray Channel;
• Utumaala from today's Puerto Williams to Picton Island;
• Inalumaala at the Beagle Channel from Punta Divide to Brecknock;
• Ilalumaala in the south-west islands, from Cook Bay to False Cape Horn; and
• Yeskumaala in the islands around Cape Horn.

The Yaghan established many settlements in Tierra del Fuego, temporary but often reused. A significant Yaghan archaeological site from the Megalithic period has been found at Wulaia Bay. C. Michael Hogan has called it the Bahia Wulaia (Dome Middens).[13]

The Yaghan domesticated a culpeo known as a Fuegian dog.

Yahgan cemetery at Mejillones, Navarino Island

The Yaghan left strong impressions on all who encountered them, including Ferdinand Magellan, Charles Darwin, Francis Drake, James Cook, James Weddell, and Julius Popper.[14]

Portuguese explorer Fernão de Magalhães came upon the area around Tierra del Fuego in the early 16th-century, but it was not until the 19th-century that Europeans became interested in the zone and its peoples. The Yahgan were estimated to number 3,000 people in the mid-19th century, when Europeans started colonizing the area.

Royal Navy officer Robert FitzRoy became captain of HMS Beagle in November 1828, and continued her first survey voyage. On the night of 28 January, 1830, the ship's whaleboat was stolen by Fuegians. During a month of fruitless searching to recover the boat, FitzRoy took guides and then prisoners - who mostly escaped - eventually taking hostage a man known as York Minster, estimated age 26, and a young girl known as Fuegia Basket, estimated age nine. A week later, he took another Fuegian hostage, known as Boat Memory, estimated age 20, and on 11 May captured Jemmy Button, estimated age 14.[15] As it was not possible to easily put them ashore, he decided to bring them back to England instead. He taught them "English..the plainer truths of Christianity..and the use of common tools" and took them on the Beagle's return trip to England. Boat Memory died of smallpox soon after arriving in Britain but the others briefly became celebrities in England and were presented at court in London in the summer of 1831. On the famous second voyage of HMS Beagle, the three Fuegians returned to their homeland along with a trainee missionary.[16]

They impressed Charles Darwin with their behaviour, in contrast to the other Fuegians Darwin met when the Beagle reached their native lands. Darwin described his first meeting with the native Fuegians in the islands as being

"without exception the most curious and interesting spectacle I ever beheld: I could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilised man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, in as much as in man there is a greater power of improvement."[17]

In contrast, he said of the Yahgan Jemmy Button: "It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here."[18]

A mission was set up for the three Fuegians. When the Beagle returned a year later, its crew found only Jemmy, who had returned to his tribal ways. He still spoke English, assuring them that he did not wish to leave the islands and was "happy and contented" to live with his wife, described by Darwin as "young and nice looking".[18] This encounter with the Fuegians had an important influence on Darwin's later scientific work.[19]

The Yaghan were eventually decimated by the infectious diseases introduced by Europeans. The Yahgan suffered disruptions to their habitat starting in the early-to-mid 19th-century when European whalers and sealers depleted their most calorie-rich sources of food, forcing them to rely on mussels chopped from rocks, which provided significantly fewer calories for the effort needed to gather and process them. In the late 19th-century when waves of European immigrants came to the area for the nascent gold rush and boom in sheep farming, the Yaghan were hunted down by ranchers' militias for poaching sheep in their former territories, since they had no concept of property.[20]

In Sailing Alone Around the World (1900), Joshua Slocum wrote that when he sailed solo to Tierra del Fuego, European-Chileans warned him the Yaghan might rob and possibly kill him if he moored in a particular area, so he sprinkled tacks on the deck of his boat, the Spray.

In the 1920s, some Yahgan were resettled on Keppel Island in the Falkland Islands by Anglican missionaries in an attempt to preserve the tribe, as described by E. Lucas Bridges in Uttermost Part of the Earth (1948), but they continued to decline in population. The second-to-last full-blooded Yaghan, Emelinda Acuña, died in 2005.[21] The last full-blooded Yahgan, "Abuela" (grandmother) Cristina Calderón, who lived in Chilean territory, died in 2022 at 93 years old.[22] She was the last native speaker of the Yahgan language.[23]

Cristina Calderón, the last living full-blooded Yaghan person, who died in 2022.

According to the Chilean census of 2002, there were 1,685 Yaghan in Chile.

• Cristina Calderón, last speaker of the Yaghan language
• Lidia González, daughter of Cristina Calderón and member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention
• Fuegia Basket, York Minster, and Jemmy Button, three Fuegians (Yahgan) who were taken to England by the captain and crew of the HMS Beagle.[24] The sailors coined these names for the girl and the men, respectively, during this first voyage.

• Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum
• The Pearl Button, a 2015 documentary film
• Selk'nam people, or Ona people, of Patagonia

• Bridges, Lucas (1948). Uttermost Part of the Earth. ISBN 978-0-7156-3985-6.
• Furlong, Charles Wellington (April 1911). "Cruising With The Yahgans". The Outing Magazine. LVIII (1): 3–17. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
• Furlong, Charles Wellington (December 1915). "The Alaculoofs And Yahgans, The World's Southernmost Inhabitants". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: 420–431. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
• Murphy, Dallas. Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives – a Deck's-eye View of Cape Horn. Basic Books, 2005. ISBN 978-0-465-04760-4.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yamana.

• Dr Wilhelm Koppers: Unter Feuerland-Indianern, Strecker und Schröder, Stuttgart, 1924. E-book about Yaghan, Selk'nam, and other Fuegians. (in German)
• The Patagonian Canoe. Extracts from E. Lucas Bridges: Uttermost Part of the Earth. Indians of Tierra del Fuego. 1948, reprinted by Dover Publications, 1988
• Darwin, Charles, Robert Fitzroy, and Philip Barker King: Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the Globe. London: Henry Colburn, 1839.
• Felipe, the "Survivor", was the last Male Yagan Indian, with a small Yámana–English vocabulary
• Anne Chapman's European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin.
• Trivero Rivera, Alberto (2005). Los primeros pobladores de Chiloé: Génesis del horizonte mapuche (in Spanish). Ñuque Mapuförlaget. ISBN 91-89629-28-0.