Lot of good advice - I agree with the foam board, then wall, but the one thing I would do prior to putting the foam board up is to seal any cracks on the concrete wall with hydraulic cement then put a couple of good coats of drylok paint to help seal the wall. You've never had water in the basement, but you don't want to find out you have an issue behind your framed out wall and foam. - where you'll likely find the first sign of a problem is a large patch of mold.
If you're leaving part of the basement unfinished, I'd also recommend keeping a dehumidifier going in that space to help keep the humidity level at a consistently low-to-moderate level.