Where are you getting your info? I've seen papers over a year ago that demonstrated multi-doman self supervised learning.

And what makes you think AI can't predict the future based on past patterns? It's used for that purpose routinely and has been for years. Two good examples are weather forecasting & finance.

I'd argue that training data is any data for unsupervised AI, that AI has access to far more data than puny humans because humans can't directly sense the majority of the EM spectrum and that you're massively overestimating the compute used by the average human.