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sosodank OP t1_iu1c42u wrote

Reply to comment by abeinszweidrei in why can't a photon of appropriate energy enable P->N conversion? by sosodank

well yes, I would of course expect a positrrn to emerge, p + gamma -> n + e+ and probably some neutrino for momentum conservation or whatever it is neutrinos do

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ehj t1_iu1hwov wrote

Momentum must be conserved, however this is not the explanation for the neutrino.

Neutrinos are part of the weak interaction. You correctly expect a positron on the right side of your reaction because of conservation of electric charge.. But why? Well conservation of electric charge is a consequence of the law of the force of electomagnetism. In radioactive decays the 'Weak' interaction comes into play and is in some ways similar to the electromagnetic force (and different in some ways and slightly more complicated). But it is similar in the way that there are also charges that must be conserved in the Weak interaction. In particular there is something called lepton number for each flavour of lepton which are the electron, muon and tauon. And this lepton number must be conserved.

But this comment on the neutrino and momentum conservation is indeed important, and it is an obvious question - why do we 'need' the neutrino. Historically we saw several types of radioactive decay and some of them (alpha and gamma) always had a fixed energy of the emitted particle e.g. gamma decay of an excited nucleus A*->A+gamma. Energy and momentum conservation of such a process where 1 particle turns into 2 predicts that the emitted particle will always have the same energy in every decay.

However for beta decays where an electron is emitted it was observed that the electron energy was a spectrum up to some upper energy - contradicting the 1 to 2 particle decay and therefore physicists postulated the existence of an additional very light particle being emitted in this decay such that the energy was split between the electron and the postulated 'neutrino' as this could explain the spectrum seen. This was how the neutrino was first discovered.

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sosodank OP t1_iu1i339 wrote

awesome expansion, and I finally appreciate the neutrino a bit after despising it all my life. thanks a lot for being the best part of reddit.

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sosodank OP t1_iu1ikra wrote

let me add a question: why must the energy of the emitted electron have a non-trivial spectrum? when you emit an alpha, you're falling to some distinct energy level, hence the single value (or at least a discrete spectrum in the case of complex isotopes). what's different about the beta? is it due to the W boson intermediary?

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mfb- t1_iu2vln7 wrote

You get a continuous spectrum for beta decays (or p + gamma -> n + e+ + nu) because you have three particles in the final state, so there are more options how to share the energy and momentum across the particles. An alpha decay only has two particles, which only leaves one option for the energy distribution because everything else would violate conservation of momentum.

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