This is a very technical question. It’s hard to answer this in an ELI5 format.

A network is a bunch of computers connected. How they’re connected is called the “topology” of the network.

Imagine one group of computers connected in one “network”. Now, imagine a second network. These two computer networks can’t just talk to each other if you put a cable between them. They won’t know (generally speaking) how to talk to each other. A router is a device that spans two networks, and is a “gateway” that passes stuff from one network to another.

That’s why your home router is called a “router”. It connects the ISP’s incredibly complex network that runs outside with the little itty bitty network in your house.

A modem is short for “modulator/demodulator”. That used to make more sense when “home modems” were devices which “sang notes” on the public telephone networks. The modulation was the “singing”, the “demodulation” was the “hearing” of the “notes” and interpreting it as data. Today, “modems” decode other types of signals, because often the type of signal from the ISP’s incredibly complex network is not the same kind of network in your house, nor is it the same “song and notes” from phone-based networks. So, your home router will also have a modem inside.

“Home routers” is a huge misnomer. It’s a gigantic smashing of all kinds of network devices bundled together into one appliance.

A “bridge” connects two networks, as well, like a router, except that it’s “more basic”, in that the two networks it connects become one bigger network. This is a technical distinction that’s hard to understand without a lot more detail. You will almost never encounter a bridge.

An “access point” almost always means “wireless access point”. It’s what allows your non-wired devices to talk to your network. In the past, these were separate things. But, in your home router, they will add that functionality all into the same box.

A switch and hub are similar. They are the “switchboard”, and allow computers to connect, forming the “network”. Again, this would be another separate device, but your home router has a switch built-in.

You’re mixing together wired terminology with wireless terminology, and that makes it harder to talk about. An AP (access point) is almost always referring to a wireless AP.

A “transceiver” is short for “transmitter/receiver”. Anything qualifies here. A modem qualifies. A wireless AP qualifies. A tin can connected to another tin can by a string qualifies. Your head qualifies (mouth makes sounds, ear hears sounds, brain does all the computational work). Any networked device must have some kind of transceiver; otherwise, it turns into a black box.

A “repeater” is exactly what it sounds like. It’s a transceiver that hears something, and then shouts it again. Imagine you’re trying to get your dad’s attention. But he’s outside. But your mom is in the kitchen. So, if she hears you yelling for your dad, she can then yell your command, and your dad might her yelling because she’s closer. Repeaters can be wired or wireless, although in most contexts, it’s meant to be wireless.

Range extenders are just repeaters, and almost always refer to wireless repeaters.

So, your home “router” does a lot of stuff in one box. A more complex network, say, with hundreds or thousand of hosts is going to need that stuff broken up into lots of separate boxes, for performance and management and security reasons.

If you want diagrams, I charge $225/hour to my corporate clients. Or, just go back to wikipedia/Google with these basic definitions, and try to work it from there.