Submitted by DearGiraffe6168 t3_zr09tm in history

I know that traditionally, boys were recruited onto the steam railway at the age of fourteen as engine cleaners with only a basic education. After a year or so of laborious engine cleaning combined with general shed duties, such as assisting the boiler-smiths and fitters, they would be examined and passed out by a locomotive inspector as being fit for firing duties. Now re-classified as Passed Cleaners, from this point on they could be used by the shed foremen as firemen on such workings as local goods trips or yard shunting. Eventually a cleaner would obtain a full time fireman’s appointment and after many years would gradually rise through the ‘links’. Most of these boys were also the sons of pre existing Drivers. However as far as my research suggests this very formal system only emerged in the late 1860s onward, so how did the early 1830s driver’s come about? I’m going to guess perhaps they came from the Mills which used static steam engines, and Ive read an account of a 15 year old porter in 1841 being offered a position of a fireman on the Manchester and Liverpool Railway so perhaps it was some for of recruits just being found around the yard but I’m not sure. What does anyone else think?

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mysilvermachine t1_j11eah7 wrote

It looks like you are talking about the U.K. - so right at the start there was a shortage of trained staff and as you say those with experience of stationary steam locos would be recruited and others with mechanical experience such as those in engineering workshops.

There’s accounts of the London & Birmingham of Stephenson locomotive works having staff accompany trainee drivers and firemen on trips ( usually with goods) to show them the best way of working the engines and what the hand signals meant.

There were also periodical labour disputes where all the engine staff would be dismissed and basically anyone who had an inkling would be employed, including drivers who had been dismissed by other companies for drunkenness or worse.

It was a chaotic time that lasted until the 1860s or so. But even then as railways expanded rapidly you could be promoted to driver, the elite of the working class, in your mid 20s.

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cliff99 t1_j11pwhp wrote

From what I understand of early industrial revolution safety practices, I'd assume it was "Hey you! Yeah, you! You wanna drive a train?"

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TheFirstKevlarhead t1_j131jop wrote

In 1838 the London and Birmingham established an entire company town in the shape of Wolverton (now part of Milton Keynes) to support their railway.

As well as building a town, they established a school to ensure a supply of skilled staff; there are contemporary accounts by visitors who've visited and been impressed by a roomful of quiet and studious working class lads learning the maths and physics required to be an engine driver.

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limitless__ t1_j14swzh wrote

The apprentice system is what developed the drivers. You have to understand that back in the day apprenticeships could last DECADES. I grew up in a tiny village in the UK with a major rail junction and pretty much all the families there had worked in the industry for at least one hundred years. Most of the drivers were 40+ before they became drivers. Most were apprentices for 20 years. The story I was always told is the test they were given is to stop a fully loaded passenger train so the door of the first carriage would stop right in front of the inspector with no inching up. Clean stop from cruising speed, inch-perfect.

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MerelyMortalModeling t1_j153mwj wrote

American here in the early US there was a strong early push to regimental and formalize rail road engineer education.

Peter Cooper was an inventor and self-described "tinkerer" who apprenticed as a coach maker at 17. He was noted be have an excellent command of letters and numbers which hints that he was well-educated at home. He went on to found several profitable businesses, had a respectable number of useful patents, founded the Cooper Union for the Advancements of Science and the Art which is still active and relevant to this discussion as he invented the 1st American locomotive the Tom Thumb, and served as its 1st engineer. Cooper put a premium on education and he had a strong influence on early railroad culture.

From the beginning American 1st rail company, the B&O had in house education and is one of the earliest companies that published data on its educational expenses. As early as the mid 1830s the B&O was paying experienced engineers to teach new prospective engineers and by the 1840s they were talking about curriculums.

Most potential engineers would start as menial laborers at a railroad at a young age. Literate kids who picked up numbers could get apprenticed in maintenance sheds and if they showed promise they could move on to be a fireman and would start being educated by their employers eventually working up to becoming an engineer. Specifics varied widely but the general arc was the same.

Another path was opened to men with formal education which involved running them through an in house program of engineering. When they finished they were rated to run a locomotive but the programs tended to be geared towards management. These men would spend some time on the rails but the idea was to give them practical experience they could use when later in their careers they were building timetables, managing groups of engineers etc.

Either way, by the the 1860s you had railroad companies lead by life long railmen who often had worked up through the ranks. These guys as a group valued formal education to such a degree that they pushed hard for the Morrill Act of 1862 which set aside government land and funds for education in the Mechnical and Agricultural arts.

the 1st Quarter Century of Steam Locomotives in America

The Education of Engineers in America before the Morrill Act of 1862

Reporting for Success: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Management Information, 1827-1856

https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/civil_war/MorrillLandGrantCollegeAct_FeaturedDoc.htm#:~:text=First%20proposed%20when%20Morrill%20was,law%20on%20July%202%2C%201862.

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SteampunkDesperado t1_j1ej0rz wrote

A fascinating post. I'm always interested in anything related to the Industrial revolution.

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Marlowe12 t1_j1sd01g wrote

Anecdotally I know that employment was often offered as part of the resettlement programs when they destroyed property to make way for the railways

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