In his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gibbon writes ‘Dalmatia, to which the name of Illyricum more properly belonged, was a long, but narrow tract, between the Save and the Adriatic.’

“The Save” is decidedly difficult to Google. Can anyone tell me what he means? Thanks!

Sava River, known as the Savus in Latin which was "Save" in the vocative.

If Napoleon had actually managed the channel crossing he had hoped for, landing troops before the British Navy cut France off again, could they have accomplished anything that might have swayed the final outcome of the napoleonic wars?

BBC 4's podcast In Our Time just had an episode on the Irish rebellion of 1789 to give you some idea of what could have happened if Napoleon had focused on the UK instead of Egypt. It's a great podcast worth subscribing too.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001fwb9

Awesome, thank you! Bit irritating of Gibbon not to anticipate internet search engine ambiguity.

Moreso it begs the question why Gibbon, not writing in Latin, would use the ablative.

Is it true that Stalin built wide tracks in Poland to transport coal from Silesia to cover the lakes. This is something my father tells me like a mantra, and that his father and the Silesians who lived under Stalin told him about it (father born in 1956, so he did not witness it).

Can somebody ELI5 the story of how there were once three popes at once and how they all ended up excommunicating each other? Did that actually ever get cleaned up or??

So, this probably is related to the fact that the Soviets used a different gauge of railroad tracks than the rest of Europe. The Soviet tracks were about 5 feet wide, while the standard European gauge was 4'8.5". The Soviets desperately needed coal to power their trains, factories, and for heat. So it would make sense for them to lay Soviet gauge track to the mines instead of transferring loads from one train to another at the border.

The wikipedia page on 5' gauge has some info and if you look around you can find lots of websites talking about the issues with the gauge change and how it hindered the Nazi supply when they invaded. The Wehrmacht has this popular conception that it was highly mechanized but it turns out not to be true. They were heavily reliant on horses and rails. So, when they lost the rail link they began suffering significant supply issues.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways

How did other peoples from antiquity perceived the egyptians' mumification habit?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism

The short version is that the popes for a while moved the court to Avignon, in France. This made the Romans (as is citizens of the city) very upset and the Cardinals elected "Roman" pope under duress. Then they went to France and elected a French pope. And then a church council in Pisa which was supposed to solve things elected a third pope.

Eventually, the Pisan and Roman popes got together and worked it out, which the French pope people eventually accepted.

In the west Texas heat, how did your average cowboy stay cool?

Oh thank you!! Finally a mystery has been solved for me

Worth adding, there was a belief that the pope would continually hold conferences to solve theological issues instead of allowing the pope to more or less run things alone as part of the compromise, but people apparently couldn't be bothered.

Who originally built the Parnham house? (not john nash)

I would think that they used little tricks to cool down. Drinking lots, staying indoors as far as possible, wearing cowboy hats (maybe?) but most of all in hot climates the infrastructure tends to be adapted to deal with heat.

Structures like verandas really help reduce the amount of heat entering a building.

But I imagine productivity and just general satisfaction with life probably dropped significantly during this period.

One thing they used was the iconic cowboy hat. It has two features that help with cooling. The first is the broad brim to provide shading. Cowboys basically grew out of the Mexican adoption of Spanish cattle raising culture. When Americans start flowing into west Texas at the end of the 19th century, they learned from the people that were already there. The brim on a cowboy hat isn't as broad as a sombrero, but it's the same idea, to shade the wearer.

Many hats have a lower crown to trap heat by the wearer's head to keep them warmer. The cowboy hat has a higher crown. This let heat released from the wearer's head escape or at least not be trapped right by the head. 10 Gallon cowboy hats are the most extreme for the cowboy hat style. You also see something similar with the famous cigarillo hats that the caballeros wore (Emiliano Zapata favored this kind of sombrero and now it's often called a Sombrero de Zapata https://www.mexicoescultura.com/galerias/actividades/principal/image79_2.jpg).

Anyway, in 1865 John B. Stetson recognized these needs, saw what the Mexicans were doing and invented his version, The Boss of the Plains hat. B/c it met the needs of cowboys so well they adopted the hat and it became iconic. It had other features that were useful to cowboys, but the brim and the crown were the important things for heat.

The Cowboy Museum has a little video that talks a little about it. https://youtu.be/HNqAzyBfXe0

How did the British conquer most of the world without sunscreen?

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Was everyone in western US during the 19th century super fit?

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To cover the lakes? What does that mean, like dumping coal in the lake?

Yep, dumping coal to lake and cover them. My father said it like manthra every time, when some about Russia or Stalin is said.

Was not that hat, until about 1970, manufactured in PA?

Is there a visualization of every civilization and how they were taken over or separated? For example, Spain and Aztec would merge but GB and US would separate. Wanted to see if there was one for all of history. Would be interesting to see.

So this would be impossible. First civilization doesn't really mean anything. It's a subjective construct. You should rather look for states/political entities. And the history of the world is just too big a subject. You can't show every evolution of every border.

What exist are:

-either specific videos of timelapse of specific wars, this channel is perfect for this

-or broad simplification of world history. This is the most famous one, lots of problems but okay overall.

Is it true people used to go to asylums and laugh at the residents, as a form of family entertainment?

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https://youtu.be/-6Wu0Q7x5D0

Sone details here and there are wrong but I would say 90% of it is correct

How were people with Albinism treated in the Victorian Era?

Yes. The famous Bedlam House in London was opened to the public at some in the late 16th or early 17th century as a method of funding it. Public tours of Bedlam only ended in 1770.

Who invented ZERO? I’m no mathematician, so please explain this to me like I’m a dummy. To my understanding, the Babylonians flirted with the theory of zero in numeric systems, those from India were the first to actually use zero in numeric systems, and the Mayans were the first overall to use zero, but this was done so in their calendar systems. Please correct me if misunderstood :)

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This is quite a hard question to answer, as different people came up with out across the globe. I usually think of it as the Indians, because it was used for actual math and things like that.

Who was responsible for popularising the usage of Hangul?

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What are the most significant graves that we have ever discovered well after they died? (besides King Tut)

Pretty common, there's a common joke at universities about how almost all historians are bad with maths and numbers (which I think there is something to).

Gets even worse when working on projects that spread between BCE and CE and you have to work with second century BCE and second century CE and having to work out how that works for both.

I mainly avoid using the terms when giving lectures and just stick to specific dates or say "around 200 BCE" etc. Much easier.

It is very counterintuitive. I have been writing and talking about history for 16 years, and sometimes catch myself out. Because of this, I never use terms like 18th century in our podcast, for exactly this reason.

Yes. For centuries prisons and "lunatic asylums" had paying public visitors. I am just writing about Newgate Prison, and the warders funded themselves partly by charging visitors.

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How is possible that people can dig entire cities? Does dust just accumulate until bury them?

• Widespread use of "native" labourers and soldiers. There were remarkably few actual Brits in places like India and Africa proportional to the population.

• Brits died in their droves of tropical diseases and generally not doing well in the climate. Anyone there long term developed something of an immunity.

• It's not a coincidence that the places where White Brits settled - Canada, Australia, the US etc are generally not tropical.

• Often, by adapting around local norms and customs. Resting in the afternoon and working in the evening etc.

Listen to the podcast "Empire" for more, or read "The Anarchy" by one of the podcasters William Dalrymple about the East India Company.

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what are the least discussed periods of recent-ish history? (18th century?)

I have some questions about the same theme :

- why do people bully France for surrender in 1940 ? I mean, what is bad in the idea to stop fighting and preserve peace in a country I guess ?

- and why do people don't bully Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark or even Poland for surrender if they bully France for the same thing ?

Why doesn't r/history have a discussion page like r/badhistory?

What do you mean?

Not an historian.

Lux, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark basically never stood a chance against Germany. Small countries with small armies. No room to trade space for time.

In 1939, France arguably had a larger and better equipped army than Germany (for instance, the French armor was estimated to be superior to German armor at the time) , but the French army collapsed due in large part to poor generalship and and to a lesser extent poor morale.

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Like Mindless Mondays on that sub where it's a weekly or daily thread. I think that will definitely increase this sub's presence and make this sub feel less elitist/gatekeeping.

Well we have this Saturday Questions thread

and a Wednesday Bookclub/Sources thread where people can talk about the books they've been reading

We're definitely wanting to do more for the community, but we do need things to be a bit on topic and about history. If you can think of a way we could do a Mindless Monday or whatever that still has a bit of a history theme I'd be more than happy to talk it over with the other mods and see if we can trial something.

Sounds great. There's only so far that you can talk about without having it be a question or something that you read. Although having it just solely be history is a little difficult in my opinion. My best suggestion is to put it a disclaimer that such a thread will only be for "history-related topics" and give people two warnings before banning them from the sub if they don't obey the disclaimer.