>It is true that during the period of Islamic rule in Cordoba, there was a great flourishing of learning, trade, and the arts. However, it is also important to note that the Islamic rulers of Cordoba were not known for their personal tolerance towards non-Muslims. While there were periods of relative peace and coexistence, the treatment of Jews and Christians under Islamic rule was not always ideal. For example, there were periodic outbreaks of violence against non-Muslims, and Jews and Christians were often subjected to discriminatory laws and heavy taxation. On one side are the Martyrs of Cordoba while on another is the Granada massacre of 1066. Also the Spanish Reconquista did not occur in a vacuum. The Christian rulers of Spain were motivated in part by a desire to reclaim their land and culture, which had been cruely subjugated by Islamic conquerors. it is true that the Jewish and Muslim populations were ultimately expelled or forced to convert, but it is important to note that these actions were not unique to Christian rulers. Muslim conquerors had also forcibly expelled or converted populations during their conquests.