You can, theoretically, but it's not terribly likely. Cats don't stick their claws deep into your skin, they scratch the surface. It's not scratch wounds that tend to abscess and get infected, in- or outdoor.

I've been scratched really badly growing up as an idiot kid with outdoor cats and never had so much as a bit of pus in any scratch wound of any severity, bites that puncture the skin get at least a little bit infected like 90% of the time though.