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law_jik t1_itijhpo wrote

Please add a feature where it makes a "pew" sound every time it fires.

152

BaneBlaze t1_itj7uuo wrote

That’s roughly ~56 “pew”’s a second. Do you really want this?

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samcrut t1_itj8gwj wrote

It's self driving and unattended. It would be like 56 baby trees sprouts falling in the woods without anybody around to hear it.

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Black_Moons t1_itjvu84 wrote

Well id hope nobody is around it, imagine a new breed of blinded farmer with lots of burn marks all over him.

Im wondering what happens when it breaks down in the middle of the field and starts lasering everything that gets near.

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EvenThisNameIsGone t1_itkdexv wrote

There'd be lots of people. If it keeps making repetitive 'pew' noises at high speed while firing lasers people would mistake it for a rave and it would be the hottest DJ in town in no time.

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Sozae33 t1_ititn69 wrote

But with the voices of kids saying the word.

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foundafreeusername t1_itj4aws wrote

I still remember a comment from a few years ago about the first few experimental farming robots:

> There is no way robots can replace herbicides. How would a robot pull out each individual weed? This would take ages

I am curious if this ever gets widely adopted but good to see we might have another alternatives to herbicides in the future.

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domesticatedprimate t1_itk3s1m wrote

That was an extremely stupid and ignorant comment then as well.

Ages is fine if you're running it 24/7 even without the lasers.

Source: spent a lot of time discussing automated farming with hardware developers. Also I farm rice.

Really, the simplest and cheapest solution is the best solution even if it's really slow.

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VelveteenAmbush t1_itms67r wrote

> Really, the simplest and cheapest solution is the best solution even if it's really slow.

Also gets points for not putting exotic chemicals in our foods and groundwater

1

Alan_Smithee_ t1_itk5far wrote

If it’s that slow, then we don’t really want it running on fossil fuels, do we?

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ArandomDane t1_itkb1cp wrote

For energy consumption (whether green or fossil or somewhere in-between), speed doesn't matter. Energy consumption is dependent on work done not how fast it is done.

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strcrssd t1_itkynev wrote

To some degree. Speed is inversely proportional to energy consumption due to air resistance. Slower is much more efficient.

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ChineseEntrepreneur t1_itl3334 wrote

This is the perfect Aktually comment. Something that's technically true but isn't a real consideration given the context.

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pzerr t1_itlh191 wrote

To a certain degree. The engine resistance internally will be far greater at some point then the work at the wheels. The overall efficiency at slow speeds will be far worse.

Ie. A car traveling at 1kph while idling will only make 200km before the tank is empty. (20 hours). There always is a sweet spot. In farm equipment, tractor speeds are far lower and thus air resistance is negligible when compared to the work they do.

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domesticatedprimate t1_itkwdwq wrote

Also, who said anything about fossil fuels?

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Alan_Smithee_ t1_itl5yid wrote

I did. We don’t want to trade one Environmental issue for another.

0

Alan_Smithee_ t1_itk5arw wrote

They also experimented with propane flame units, which of course had their own environmental issues.

But if we want chemical-free crops, this is the way.

1

help_me44 t1_itjx51s wrote

Ah yes the ego of an average reddior

−13

sjogerst t1_itk0mda wrote

10,000 years from now archeologists and evolutionary biologists will work together to try to understand why a bunch of weed species suddenly seemed to evolve laser resistance in this time period.

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RoddBanger t1_itmlyh9 wrote

In the future wars, we will all be wearing 'weed armor' for just this reason.

3

LongestTango t1_itn2ct7 wrote

Imagine a war with the burning all that armor,

All soldiers high af and start to sing peace songs.

1

beef-o-lipso t1_itinrp2 wrote

I wonder how fast and effective it is compared to alternatives. I know the article rderences 80% savings, but where does that come from? Labor? Chemicals? Efficiency?

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welpHereWeGoo t1_itipwqa wrote

Probably all of that. including all the materials for dispersing chemicals be it planes or other vehicles, the protective gear when spraying, all the plastic containers and spray bottles/sprayers, etc, less damages crops, etc.

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LtSoundwave t1_itiw11r wrote

Also crop damage from Jeremy Clarkson driving erratically throughout the field.

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kubigjay t1_itj2gnf wrote

Unfortunately the equipment is a sunk cost. So farmers won't want to switch until the old equipment wears off.

The big problem for a farmer is that it only kills what is up. There isn't any lasting protection.

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Black_Moons t1_itjvwc9 wrote

>The big problem for a farmer is that it only kills what is up. There isn't any lasting protection.

that is why you just have it work 24/7/365.

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gizamo t1_itjwumv wrote

To prevent any weed damage to crops, you'd probably only need it a few times throughout the spring, summer, and fall.

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Black_Moons t1_itk2lbl wrote

Yep, so you have 1 tiny robot that spends 24/7 scanning acres, it will complete a full scan every week to month.

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gizamo t1_itk2vyt wrote

I think it moves faster than you're assuming. Tbf, I saw similar machines ~6 years ago, and they moved much faster than I thought they would.

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Black_Moons t1_itmg85y wrote

Ok, but farmer fields are also bigger then your assuming.

Think of the biggest yard you have ever seen... that is a tiny hobby farm. Industrial farming is done at insane scale.

1

gizamo t1_itmmr7y wrote

I programmed automation systems for farm equipment that accounts for the precise sizes of industrial farms. So, I think I have some idea. However, that was a long time ago. Perhaps farms have grown, idk. ¯⁠\⁠(⁠ツ⁠)⁠⁠/⁠¯

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domagojk t1_itk96a3 wrote

/u/kubigjay has a point, laser only kills what is above ground and it is well known that weeds root also damages the crops.

1

Timlang60 t1_itlrvum wrote

If there's no green stuff above ground to collect energy, the roots won't develop/survive.

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domagojk t1_itmlcqz wrote

That is not correct. If any root pieces are left underground they will eventually grow new plants. You should be pulling the whole sprouts out to basically starve the weeds. Or, obviously, use chemicals to stop them from growing.

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Timlang60 t1_itmzd8c wrote

Sure, filling the roots is ideal. But if you keep cutting off the above ground parts - namely the leaves - and depriving it of energy and respiration, the roots will die.

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Fast_Garlic_5639 t1_itklxgx wrote

Expand on that, though- if we combine that new roach laser with this weed laser I think we'll be much better off as a species

1

dbxp t1_itkma98 wrote

I suspect it's only this profitable in places like the EU which extensively regulate herbicides

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einmaldrin_alleshin t1_itp3149 wrote

Pesticides are an eternal cat an mouse game. The herbicides in use now will inevitably become useless as weeds develop resistance. So having a cost-effective way to kill weeds without use of chemicals will be hugely attractive, regulations or not.

1

vladhed t1_itij3up wrote

A robot with killer lasers. What could go wrong?

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Senn1d t1_itijsgv wrote

having food that is not infested by pesticides.
And species that don't go extinct because of pesticides

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[deleted] t1_itj3946 wrote

[removed]

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Lord_Rapunzel t1_itk2box wrote

Herbicides still affect animal life and bioaccumulate.

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patentlyfakeid t1_itk6aie wrote

My farmer father-in-law once tried to argue that xxxxicides weren't poisons. For a moment I didn't even know how to reply. What did he think they were? Magic substances that just separated 'the bad things' from reality?

He referred to all such liquids simply as 'spray', and didn't think twice about using them. I respected his ability to make a living farming, and put all his kids through school w/o the owing the bank anything, but I'm glad he's not farming anymore.

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[deleted] t1_itkoehg wrote

[removed]

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patentlyfakeid t1_itllpsw wrote

Yes, that gets repeated every time someone says the word 'poison'. Some things have clear intent, and others have otherwise unexpected effects. 'Spray', it's turning out, has no minimal dosage dosage at which it isn't harmful to something in nature. Your water does, and is in fact deadlier in it's absence more often than by it's presence.

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[deleted] t1_itls2jh wrote

[removed]

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patentlyfakeid t1_itlzyli wrote

Despite having a surplus of food, we'd not have enough to feed everyone if we didn't use spray. We don't, however, have to use it as negligently and as ambivalently as we do.* I'm from a rural area, and have lived my whole life on or near farms, so I have seen just how it gets used. Have some weeds? Spray. Still there? Double the spray. (repeat ad nauseum)

Besides, at this point, it's not as though you can avoid eating things with xxxxicides in them. Every study I've seen says that 'organic' goods contain similar amounts as regularly farmed items.

* Nor should we just keep using things when we discover systemic issues. Monsanto, for example, has a huge vested interest in the continued use of roundup and their patented seeds. It's growing more and more obvious, though, that we really can't afford to.

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Javina33 t1_itivhk1 wrote

But aren’t the species suffering the same fate being zapped by lasers?

−4

Pitchforkin t1_itj3kgk wrote

Pesticides can drift and can enter the water table, lasers don’t do any of that.

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MDev01 t1_itjcv7c wrote

They are not just drifting. A very high percentage of every single million gallons of weed killer used ends up in our water supply. We would be better using any method but chemicals.

Chemicals seem cheap until a few decades from now when we will inevitably have to pay for the destruction of our waterways.

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NolanSyKinsley t1_itim46u wrote

They are all facing the ground and only fire on what is recognized as weeds, so unless you are a weed in a field under it I would not worry about it.

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Gushinggrannies4u t1_itiur3m wrote

It doesn’t matter if you’rea weed in a field.

It matters if it thinks you’re a weed in a field.

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PurpEL t1_itixu96 wrote

Weeds will evolve to be laserproof

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fredinNH t1_itiqve9 wrote

I bet that 200,000 number sounds like a lot of weeds to non-farmers.

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Gushinggrannies4u t1_itiv123 wrote

Nearly 5 million a day sounds like a lot

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fredinNH t1_itkutdo wrote

I was trying to be funny, but as someone who has looked closely at soil as weeds are first emerging, I don’t think 5 million weeds is even that much.

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marigolds6 t1_itlutk1 wrote

It's basically a 40-acre field per day. So that raises questions of how often you have to repeat treatment, as well as how deep into the growing season.

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domesticatedprimate t1_itk3jbj wrote

That's a large number for farmers as well. It's per hour after all.

But to be fair, I wonder if farmers used to using chemicals even think in terms of the actual number of weeds.

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mint_eye t1_itj0ust wrote

Guessing from your comment, you are a farmer?

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fredinNH t1_itkv0mc wrote

Kind of. I married into a farming family and I do farm work including weed control but I have a job off the farm, but it’s a job that affords me lots of time off for farming.

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marigolds6 t1_itluktw wrote

Stuck this in a different discussion on this, but a typical "clean" herbicide managed 40 acre field with minimal yield loss has about 2 million weeds. Take away the herbicide management and that goes to 6M-8M.

I think the real question here is what growth stages can you use this. I'm assuming the machine learning is good enough to use this during emergence and obviously pre-emergence. But I doubt you could use this VT or later. I suspect you can't even use it after V3.

Because if you can't use it after V3, then you still need a chemical or mechanical pre-emergent control or a way to continue to control after V3 (likely an over the top spray, which has its own issues).

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roadb90 t1_ititae2 wrote

I've already seen this on love death and robots, didn't end well!

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Cryp71c t1_itikqyz wrote

For reference the rate is something like a few square acres an hour, it's hilariously slow for even small scale farms

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NolanSyKinsley t1_itilv2v wrote

The treatment doesn't need to be done daily, the robot can run 24/7, farms could easily have multiple robots, and the tech is twice the speed it was last year. The tech is new, give it time, this system can already replace enough labor to repay itself in 3-5 years and the tech is still only a few years old.

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DoDrugsMakeMoney t1_itire4m wrote

I’ve seen a weird amount of articles about AI controlled lasers lately and now I’m just kind of waiting for like a targeted bug zapper one. I’ll buy in at that point.

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Cryovenom t1_itittbl wrote

Some university students made one for a project at one point. It had two posts with cameras facing each other and was able to specifically identify female mosquitoes by their wing beat pattern and zap them out of the air, forming a kind of invisible anti-mosquito fence.

Why this isn't a product I can buy or build with the right equipment from a pack on the internet yet is beyond me. I'd set up four of those to enclose my patio and enjoy laser-based mosquito-free beers all summer long!

They may be underestimating just how much some people would pay for that!

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DoDrugsMakeMoney t1_itivgv1 wrote

I also want it for the same reason. As long as there is a 0% chance I can be blinded by a rogue laser or bad luck and I’m in.

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rabidwombat t1_itjx27s wrote

Because Intellectual Ventures holds the patent and is at the extreme end of the litigious patent troll spectrum.

2

Cryovenom t1_itkjikf wrote

So they would rather wait for someone to use the patent and sue them than license it out and make bank off the best damn idea to come around I'm the last 50 years? That sucks.

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seanyray t1_ititj0i wrote

Already exists, one study used ai lasers to kill cockroaches

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DoDrugsMakeMoney t1_itivb54 wrote

I mean, I’m going to need like roasting mosquitos on a commercial level type tech.

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kubigjay t1_itj3sad wrote

You do realize that weeds need to be killed in a short time frame so they don't dominate the crops. Also, farms are not contiguous. You may have 80 acres here, then drive two miles, then another 8 miles.

We need to cover 2,000 acres in three weeks. So speed needs to increase.

I think we are getting there but the focus is on stopping chemicals, not efficiency or economics.

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NolanSyKinsley t1_itj4qqo wrote

50 robots of the current format can cover that area in 3 weeks, these robots work night and day, rain, wind, or snow. They could travel over land to new areas much faster than they process fields, their AI could even self navigate given proper clearances, and other farms can use them after your fields have been treated for the season for different crops, don't you see???. You act like these people don't live and work in the area they are designing the robots for, you act like they are idiots. You act like I didn't already tell you that their current machines can replace enough labor and pesticides to pay for themselves in 3-5 years for the acreage each robot covers and that is for a monoculture field rather than co-op ownage optimizing use so they don't sit idle most of the year. Stop resisting progress.

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kubigjay t1_itj86tc wrote

So 50 robots or one sprayer?

And co-op equipment doesn't work because we all want it at the same time.

Over my life we have completely changed methods. No-till was a big thing that takes 10 years to pay off. Genetically modified crops have doubled yields. Self driving equipment that reduce fatigue and reduce seed/fertizer/chemical use by targeting what we need.

I think the lazers have a future but I worry about fuel use. Chemical arose because the cost of fuel was more than chemicals. I can't believe lazers that can kill plants with short bursts are low energy consumers.

Honestly, self driving grain trucks would be a better investment. I can't find a CDL driver when I need them. I could hire it out of season for normal logistics.

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NolanSyKinsley t1_itjao8b wrote

One sprayer and the cost of its pesticide, and person to man it, you conveniently neglect the savings of using electricity vs chemicals and automation vs manned. Yea, I know those massive john deer machines are automated, but they are still manned. These are FULLY automated.

​

Fuel use? THEY ARE ELECTRIC. Renting 50 electric robots for 3 weeks VS continuously spraying your fields with chemicals you have to pay for. HMMMM which is better??? If you are in a region that supports crop growth, it also supports solar and you could literally power the operation for free after paying for the equipment.

​

Oh, and switch from fieldwork to transport to support your position BECAUSE YOUR POSITION HAS NO SUPPORT.

​

You are the farmer with a team and horses and a plow saying the guy with a steam tractor will never match them. You are a relic claiming to be the pinnacle.

−3

kubigjay t1_itjfgdf wrote

I am interested in the tech but costs are never shown. Only they say it is cheaper. I want to see studies from independent review.

Solar is low energy density. I can't cover my fields with solar arrays and grow crops. Battery tech has a long way to go for letting me recharge 50 batteries each night.

You ask which is better, rent or spray. I don't know. Without numbers we are arguing about phantoms. The tech could be amazing or it could be vaporware like Theranos.

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the_real_swk t1_itjiwgf wrote

the self propelled robotic unit was just a demo, the actual implement requires a CAT3 3 point. it has an option for generator or PTO power (I'm assuming the "generator" option means it has a small diesel engine to power the actual generator vs just getting power to spin the genny from the PTO.) thats going to increase fuel cost depending on what the electrical load is... and their produce spec sheet says 2ac/hr @ 1mph compared to covering say 40acres/hr with a conventional rig (I know that 40acres/hr is just me pulling numbers from thin air and will vary based on a number of factors)

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the_real_swk t1_itjhv0h wrote

you do realize these things are PTO or generator powered. PTO being powered via the Tractors engine. this is a 3 point attachment not an autonomous robot.

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NolanSyKinsley t1_itjqsjt wrote

The second gen was pulled by a tractor(not powered by the tractor), the first gen and their final product is full autonomous.

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the_real_swk t1_itjztoo wrote

I guess they should update their website as that's not whats reflected there.

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butterbal1 t1_itjdu2h wrote

At 5 acres/he that is 2520 acres in 21 days. Sound like a viable option at this point. Double the units and you either cut the time in half or double the amount of work able to be done.

1

kubigjay t1_itjfr50 wrote

Unfortunately that 5 acre / he doesn't include transit time.

But they are getting there. With battery swaps it helps.

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wwj t1_itjhaa4 wrote

In 21 days a 1in tall weed is now an 18in tall weed. Speed is incredibly important.

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dungone t1_itk7tkr wrote

According to the article, these are cost effective with an ROI of 2-3 years.

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kubigjay t1_itkmqdl wrote

True. But they never post any numbers.

Costs vary a lot across different crops. Are they using certified organic prices or normal prices?

I get wary of claims without data.

3

dungone t1_itle1pd wrote

You can safely assume that the size of the market is not that different from the number they already sold.

Doesn't mean it's a bad thing, it certainly sounds like a game changer for the places where it works.

1

WhoAmI891 t1_itjn16l wrote

Outside of maybe using this in small scale Hort farming, this is a ways off to be a viable solution. You only have a short window to kill the weeds before you can rely on the crop to outcompete the weeds. Use this too early and a new flush of weeds will come up that will out compete the crop, try to use this too late when the weeds are larger and more established and it will not effectively kill the weeds that will outcompete the crop and hurt yields - along with this thing tramping down the crop.

1

vitaminkombat t1_itj0ujy wrote

Would love to see it happen.

But most farms don't even have access to phone signal or Internet. It may take a few decades for it to enter the fields.

−2

rdubya3387 t1_itiqc35 wrote

If only tech didn't break every 2 years...not like the prime John Deere equipment lasts forever days. Much more profitable to make things cheap and break just by a few uses.

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reidlos1624 t1_itilw6o wrote

Speed has doubled in a year, my guess is speed will likely continue to increase.

Better than herbicides that poison us and the environment.

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wwj t1_itjiepj wrote

Maybe, they really just increased the size of the unit. There will be a limit to that width and it's probably cost. The cost of lasers per foot of width is much higher than spray booms.

Having worked in farming and with cutting lasers, my take is that this could work but in limited applications in relatively small vegetable/fruit crop fields where equipment size is constrained by the landscape.

1

romanarthur t1_itingys wrote

The fuck is a square acre

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RickDripps t1_itir874 wrote

>it's hilariously slow for even small scale farms

No it isn't.

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wwj t1_itjgzrv wrote

Having dealt with cutting lasers in the past, I can say that maintaining them is a PITA with misalignments, power fluctuations, calibrations, and part replacement. Doing all of that for 30 lasers seems like a huge pain and expensive. Maybe they can resolve some of those issues.

I don't think one of these would survive the night running 24/7 by itself. Never underestimate the destruction of teenagers in rural areas with absolutely nothing to do.

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SenseStraight5119 t1_itjlbj5 wrote

Monsanto be like uhhh that “laser” cross contaminated.

4

bwahmanga t1_itk74lo wrote

i need this for my yard

2

Tikkun_Olam1 t1_itk8kuo wrote

OMG!!! This CEO’s comments are so cliche “MBA Speak” it was distracting from the company’s actual accomplishments!!!

HEY! Mr. CEO!! Talk about this wonderful tool sans-‘MBA-Speak’!! It’s really cool to see A.I. used in a practical way!!!(It REALLY is!!)

2

Ihavepurpleshoes t1_itjeycw wrote

I skimmed it but am unclear about whether it eliminates the need for herbicides.

1

rbsmbd t1_itk20kr wrote

Similar methods have been used since at least the 1950’s that do not require lasers. You can search ‘cultivator tractor flame weeder’ on youtube to see some of the more exciting examples. Flames are not required either. ‘Basket weeders’ are another neat type to look up. There are plenty of mechanical implements that due the same job. All of these implements just require that crops be planted in perfectly straight rows so that all spaces around the growing crop can be disturbed to destroy weeds.

Cultivator tractors and an endless array of ingenious attachments were supposed to be the way of the future until the chemical industry bloomed and took over the agricultural sector. They are now relegated to small scale organic farmers which is a shame.

1

RichardBlastovic t1_itkeioh wrote

And how long will it be until it classifies us as weeds????

1

GummoNation t1_itkf2yt wrote

So that’s what that gunship in Terminator had evolved from.

1

Whthpnd t1_itkj443 wrote

With push mower attachment.

1

UBNC t1_itkmuo2 wrote

Was talking to someone the other day about their studies and at their university they are building two machines for weeds, one with heaps of hands that pull them out to try get roots and another that does targeted spraying.

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ElGuano t1_itkv578 wrote

<!-- reminder to comment out in prod: -->

human == subClass.weed;

1

WhileHereWhyNot t1_itmjc5n wrote

Potentially, the algorithm that differentiates weed from plants could be made Subscription based

1

Cannisaurasrex t1_itj7rea wrote

Why tho? The life in the soil increases fungal activity through biodiversity. If modern ag wasn’t killing the soil it could actually benefit from a few “weeds”.

−2

Successful-Parsnip49 t1_itjp6cw wrote

Stop treating Round Up like it's the red headed step child!

−4

WALLY_5000 t1_itjsshr wrote

Weeds are becoming more and more resistant to the active ingredient in RoundUp (glyphosate). That’s why they’re working on new ways to get rid of weeds.

3

HenryGetter2345 t1_itiotpg wrote

I wonder how many ground critters like mice,bugs worms etc are killed by it

−5

smartguy05 t1_itiyat8 wrote

Probably less than are killed by herbicides.

2

falsewall t1_itk889h wrote

Herbicide is really just biocide in practice despite the name. They kill bugs among other things.

1

xeneks t1_itj4f95 wrote

It’s not an improvement on failed farming techniques that deplete soils that sometimes takes thousands to millions of years to form in short generations.

There was a number I read. That’s right… (likely incorrectly recalled)

A rock or tree with a thousand years of untouched lichenous growth contributes to only a centimetre of soil.

I actually think that number is optimistic, but lichens do act as little air filters, so maybe they are strong net contributors to soil accretion, as they capture airborne particles much as in water filter feeders and fan growths with commensal bacterial colonies contribute to reducing suspensions that make water murky.

I don’t see many of those laser beams creating topsoil. Only some ash, of limited value, not even making biochar or coal. It might be different if the foliage was incredibly diverse and the laser beams were simply snipping off leaves and seeds and flowers of weeds or supporting species to fall to create a natural cover to the soil to improve moisture retention.

Actually, that doesn’t work if the beams shoot out.

Uhhh, you need a mechanical arm than has a small horseshoe on it. It shoots a laser that acts like a simple knife. The beam is captured to avoid splaying around. The plant may have the stem sprayed to improve beam absorption. Woody stems are cut and stored. The beam cuts the softer stems making the foliage fall. A few drops of biochar from previously collected and processed woody stems is dropped.

The ground gets a mulch cover with biochar that encourages insects as carriers of mycelium and bacteria that improve soil qualities and biodegrade the fallen plant material. Rock dust in solution can be sprayed or squirted in a hard forming gel to compensate for time constraints (no thousands of years of erosion in one season), and lack of flooding events that would usually replenish silts that increase nutrition.

The multiple species means nitrogen fixing bacteria can be encouraged as I read that many plants grow better when supporting species have merged root networks, reducing the need to add nitrogen to the soil using synthetic fertilisers.

There’s an increase in complexity and some risk from insect and other loss from their potential spreading of plant diseases. But with rapid response and in field mobile devices for disease ID and seeking treatment approaches those risks are far less than they they were only a decade ago.

There is l also likely a substantial benefit in the access to finance as banks may negotiate lower interest loans due to the soil scientifically demonstrated as being supportive of valuable agricultural efforts for longer periods before depletion. Or even negative financing where you’re paid to caretake soils that are in need of remedial efforts which require intelligent intervention, while producing food as well.

The machinery depicted is not as useful as it seems, it’s more sci-fi fantasy as it’s expensive and itself is very destructive to manufacture and maintain and deliver and recycle. I wager most soils become worthless when treated like this for too long! ‘Ok, lasers engaged, soil must die! Dirt you become!’

But where populations don’t enable people to do the field work as there aren’t enough, a machine might be scalable. You’d highlight the machines limitations. They are by nature inadequate and less superior to people of health. So to avoid people becoming dissuaded or lazy and arrogant you would ensure that market would highlight how the machine is a limited aid for specific circumstances only, and that a person on a small handholding which has a high population would get good results from using hand held cutters to manually trim the species to create the ground cover, or simpler machines that don’t need massive teams and industry sprawl to maintain them.

Banks and financial organisations can encourage a balance that puts soil and water conservation first to maintain the asset that grants life to society, by paying more attention to soil remediation techniques, and linking borrowers or users of credit to organisations that promote sustainability over millennia not years or decades.

Laser beams, not nearly as useful as they seem…

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