>Or, in a case like the show I’m watching now, a sub/caption popped up with a line that was never actually said.
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>Do the subtitlers make the subs off one version of the scene, the scenes get reshot with new lines, but the subtitlers don’t make subs off the reshoots?

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there are other things to consider.

idioms..

lip movement vs words.

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the Korean version has a lot more words than the English equivalent.

what's the best way to "add a line" so words still come out because the lips are still moving?

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https://www.listenandlearnusa.com/blog/5-untranslatable-korean-idioms-and-proverbs/

Five Difficult to translate Korean Idioms and Proverbs
#1. The Idiom: 무지 가 의학 지식 은 병 이다
Literal Translation: Ignorance is medicine, knowledge is sickness.
What it means: Ignorance is Bliss.

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what do you do when they use a "common phrase" that's only known in Korea? you need to convey that to the audience - but there's no English version at all.

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I bet most Koreans don't know WTF a "Monday Morning Quarterback is" - that's going to be a "funny translation"

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20 Common English Phrases Only Americans Used to Understand

https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/20-phrases-only-americans-understood/