first reported perovskite based solar cell was in 2013: [National Center for Photovoltaics](https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html) I’d say 9 years to see the progress that’s been made *so far* is great

world record solar efficiency is 47.1% https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html

used [energy cost comparison ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelized_cost_of_electricity) And here is NREL's [chart of PV efficiencies](https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html)

electricity are ~$130/MWh and they're now projecting $5/MWh with an 80% renewable grid ([source](https://www.nrel.gov/news/features/2022/re-futures.html)) and just $39/MWh with a 100% renewable grid ([source](https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2021/06/28/renewables-up-to-90-by-2050-would-cost-less-than-current-generation-mix-nrel-study/))

things like mining are getting greener too. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/08/1127310649/in-idaho-americas-first-and-only-cobalt-mine-in-decades-is-opening New, greener methods for lithium extraction: https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2021/using-direct-lithium-extraction-to-secure-us-supplies.html

what? MTA literally started buying Hybrid buses in **1999** https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30736.pdf It seems like people forgot that they tried this whole *transition away from fossil fuels* 20 years ago and then gave

fingers of no hands. This interesting read might be a good place to start: [https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41219.pdf](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41219.pdf)

/sites/default/files/2021-08/Land-Based%20Wind%20Market%20Report%202021%20Edition_Full%20Report_FINAL.pdf), and utility scale solar is coming in between $20 and $40/MWh according to the [NREL](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81325.pdf). This is all scaled by the amount of power produced, per MWh of electricity actually generated

money on the options that phase out fossil fuels quicker and cheaper. https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/articles/land-based-wind-market-report-2022-edition https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81325.pdf https://ieefa.org/resources/eye-popping-new-cost-estimates-released-nuscale-small-modular-reactor#:~:text=The%2053%25%20increase%20in%20the,%245.3%20billion%20to%20%249.3%20billion https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3

solar resource, showing how much stronger it is in the desert Southwest than elsewhere: [https://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar-resource-maps.html](https://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar-resource-maps.html)

will ask again did anyone performed LCA on solar, wind turbine vs natural gas, coal, nuclear? [https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56487.pdf](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56487.pdf) I will state again, you didn't take 30 seconds to google. This is just solar

proper reference and development over time across all PV technologies, see here: https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.pdf Perovskites (which are a range of materials that only share the perovskite structure) are in that graphic the red round

miles of solar installation to power the US based on this Dept of Energy document: [Link](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56290.pdf). More interestingly, the largest 25 reservoirs in the US have just under

energy (this national lab says about 9% of all plastic waste went to that in 2019 [https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2022/nrel-calculates-lost-value-of-landfilled-plastic-in-us.html](https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2022/nrel-calculates-lost-value-of-landfilled-plastic-in-us.html)). But there are definitely concerns that burning plastic could create a lot of air pollution

Supercritical CO2 heat pump [This](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77955.pdf) is a good article describing what