5kyl3r

5kyl3r t1_jdujvvq wrote

Reply to Russian diplomat Vasily Nebenzya insists Ukrainian children will be returned once it is safe to do so by green_flash

i speak russian, i'll translate:

​

>i'm a scared coward pussy bitch fascist terrorist, and i see that it's likely that we're going to ultimately lose this war, and if we do, i'll probably be tried in ICC and might go to prison for the rest of my life. i'm trying to walk back some things i've said that might incriminate me. please spare me.

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5kyl3r t1_jabmafi wrote

Reply to ELI5: What is a "naturally aspirated" engine? Is it always desirable? Are there "artificially aspirated" engines ? by Gaboik

wall of text, be warned lol:

ICE engines (internal combustion engine, or ELI5: inside explosions engine). they mix air and gasoline to make explosions. explosions are just gas expanding REALLY quickly. like when you pop a balloon. (air is a gas too). we use the expanding gas to create motion that moves our cars. engineers will probably comment that it's actually burning the air and gasoline, but this is ELI5, so i'll stick with explosions, as they're cooler and i think easier to picture how this works as explosions than "burning"

you have to mix a very specific amount of air and gasoline together to make the strongest explosion. if i remember correctly, for every 1 shotglass of gasoline, you need to mix 14 shotglasses of air. that makes the perfect mixture that will give you the most power while keeping the engine safe. if you have too much air, it might make a little more power, but it will get really hot and the engine will eventually die. if you have too much fuel, it will make less power and make lots of smoke and will gunk up your engine and eventually cause problems. that's why this 14:1 mixture is important

if you've ever used one of those swimming pool water cannons, (or a medical syringe), you pull back on the piston, and that pulls water into it. in the case of the engine, the piston moves downwards and when it does, it pulls fresh air in. so you add enough fuel to make the perfect 14:1 mixture of air:gasoline, and you get an explosion. (the spark plug makes a spark the lights the gasoline and air mixture that creates the explosion) but that's the maximum power you can make, because gasoline has a specific amount of energy in it. to make more power, you need a bigger explosion. to get a bigger explosion, you need more gasoline. but remember the air and gasoline mixture thing? if you add twice as much gasoline, the engine will still only be able to pull in the same amount of air, so you'll be at 7:1 air to gasoline. that's way outside the 14:1 you're trying to get and it will not work. this is basically a naturally aspirated engine. aspiration is just a fancy word for breathing. it naturally breathes in fresh air when the pistons are moving downwards.

but with forced induction, or forced breathing, you can get more power. you might already be guessing how that works. we use either a turbocharger OR supercharger to force more air into the engine than it can naturally pull in. (that's where the naturally aspirated name comes from) the more air we force into the engine, the more fuel we can mix in to make more power. (bigger explosions). the important thing is that the perfect mixture of air and gasoline is kept. the engine's computer measures the air coming into the engine so it knows exactly how much fuel to squirt in to get the perfect 14:1 mixture.

how do they work? simply put, they're air compressors. like the one you air up your car or bicycle tires with. or party balloons. or inflatable mattress or basketball. there are many types of compressors of course, but that should maybe make your brain make some connections to things like tires and balloons. those have air forced into them too, and for that, we need a compressor. superchargers are spun by the engine with a belt. the engine spins, a pulley turns a belt, and the belt is connected to another pulley on the supercharger, which spins the supercharger, and that forces air into the engine. the faster the engine spins, the faster the supercharger spins, and the more air is forced into the engine. that lets your car's computer add more fuel to keep the mixture at 14:1, but since you're adding more gasoline, you're going to make more power

a turbocharger is a compressor, but it also has a second turbine. one is for exhaust, and one is for the clean fresh air that it's compressing. instead of the engine spinning it like the supercharger with a physical connection (a belt), turbos use exhaust gases coming out of the engine to spin the turbine. it's like if you blow on a pinwheel, they spin. same here. but that exhaust turbine has its own housing (case/compartment/section/house, whatever you wanna call it, the exhaust turbine and compressor turbine have their own separated compartments). the other turbine is the compressor, and that does what the supercharger does. the exhaust turbine and the compressor turbine are connected with a shaft, but the case is separated so the exhaust gas stays on the exhaust side and the clean air stays on the clean side, and they can't mix, but the motion from the exhaust turbine spins the compressor from that shaft that goes between the exhaust/compressor sides. since it's not directly connected to your engine with a belt, there's a delay. when you start to accelerate, there isn't much exhaust gas coming out, so it takes a second for the turbo to "spool up". you're basically just waiting for it to start spinning fast enough to compress air to force into your engine. that's the turbo lag. a supercharger spins the supercharger directly from the engine with a belt, so it's instant. just like a naturally aspirated engine. both those engines make the maximum potential power for any RPM immediately when you push the gas pedal. turbo engines do not. not until they're making enough boost pressure from the turbo. bigger turbos can make a lot more maximum boost (boost is just slang for pressure) but bigger turbos have more turbo lag. smaller turbos spool up much faster (so less lag), but they'll have a lower maximum boost pressure possible, which limits max power. most modern turbos in normal passenger cars like a honda accord 2.0 turbo, will have a fairly small turbo. they use it for efficiency, so they don't need a huge turbo. those cars are designed to get good gas mileage. turbos help with this because you can use a smaller lighter engine but still get enough power thanks to the turbo. if you've driven a modern car, even a passenger car like an accord that has a turbo, you'll notice they have more power taking off from stoplights. that's because once the turbo is spooled up, the engine can make good power even a lower rpm's. the supercharger and naturally aspirated engines usually make more power in higher rpm's. (superchargers can be the exception, it depends on the size of the pulley, you can adjust how much boost pressure your supercharger gives you by adjusting the size of the pulleys, just like shift gears on a bicycle that has the ability to shift gears.)

oh, and maybe you're curious, so i can add nitrous to this explanation. nitrous itself isn't adding energy to the explosions. that's why the fast and furious nitrous explosion was just silly. the part of the air that is actually important is oxygen. that's the important part of the air that we need to make the explosions with the gasoline. nitrous is an oxidizer. you've possibly heard that word used when people are talking about rockets. as you might have noticed from the name, oxidizer looks similar to the word oxygen. that's because they're related! oxidizers add oxygen to reactions. instead of needing a supercharger or turbo to force more air into the engine, you can use an oxidizer like nitrous to add the oxygen we need. that lets you add more fuel without needing to force more air into the engine, since the oxygen is the part of the air we need, and the nitrious is giving us that. so for most (safer) nitrous kits, they know how much more oxygen your engine will get, so they usually add extra fuel to keep the mixture of gasoline to oxygen perfect. (it's not 14:1, since that's for air and gasoline, and here with nitrous, we're talking about only oxygen instead of extra air, so the ratio will be different, but you can google "oxygen to gasoline stoichiometry" if you're curious about it)

that's probably TL;DR, but if you're interested in this stuff, maybe not. this is ELI5, so i greatly simplified a lot of this stuff, but it should be enough to make you understand the basics of these things, which will hopefully spark more curious questions so you can go learn even more. cheers

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5kyl3r t1_j9iekys wrote

Reply to comment by [deleted] in How good the US will be for living in future for those who will be earning decent?? by [deleted]

how is that even remotely anarchy? it's authoritarianism. it's HOW they make money. they go strong arm companies. russia sent KGB (FSB, but let's be real here) into companies and forced them to sign them over to government officials at gunpoint. go watch a documentary on the magnitsky thing if you haven't. it's insane. the magnitsky act that the UN used to sanction russia came from the name of the lawyer that was killed by the Kremlin for defending an American businessman that they tried to do the same thing to, but luckily he was smarter than them. unfortunately the brave russian lawyer died for his bravery. trump would do the same crap here. he was already doing shady shit WHILE in office. like forced govt. trips to stay in his hotels, and then price gouged them more than their normal price. that goes beyond conflict of interest. but I digress

I'm not saying there isn't any truth to some of what you said, as there is certainly a lot of corrupt lobbying going on, as we know large corps basically have a huge influence on politics. but that doesn't excuse the ONE party that is openly trying to burn the country and democracy to the ground while pulling a russia and falsely trying to redirect the blame

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5kyl3r t1_j9ebixr wrote

Reply to comment by [deleted] in How good the US will be for living in future for those who will be earning decent?? by [deleted]

we need to also worry about the dictatorship. we now know that trump tried to organize and stage a coup. that's BIG. but people, especially on the right, don't seem to care. that's the thin little line between our current democracy, and becoming the next Belarus or Russia. it can happen. it happened in those countries within my lifetime. it can happen here. not taking things like that seriously is how it can happen. they're going to easy on the moron tacti-cool larpers on jan 6th, but at least most of them are getting at least a few years. history repeats itself. people being "apolitical" is how it happens. (which is ironically what most of the Russians in street interviews say now when asked political questions, if that isn't a clue)

now I think it's the loudest ones are the ones we hear thing. I think most republicans didn't like trump, at least after a while, and were pushed away. I don't think trump has a chance now. but the oligarchy problem usually goes hand-in-hand with dictatorships/autocracies, so it's something we need to take more seriously

and for the special trump lovers, courts just revealed basically all of the Fox News hosts did NOT believe the election was stolen or that there was fraud. we have screenshots of their texts among each other now. but sadly idiots like Marjorie T green will still repeat this stolen election crap. (how did we let clowns like this get into office???)

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5kyl3r t1_j94kw4v wrote

Reply to comment by maaku7 in Atsu found dead after Turkey earthquake - agent by MetalPawn100

one side is way worse, especially with human rights and human decency related topcis, but you're right, it's mostly just politicians. the people who'd be great at it are usually like "fuck that". the shitty people that see an opportunity to use it to get rich are the ones that often end up in politics, unfortunately. and that's shitty about the rail thing, that's actually a thing russia has done many times. the metro station in chelyabinsk is a big example of this. millions of tax money going into it, decades later, still nothing, every so often, when the corrupt want more money, they bring the topic back up, make a big splash in the media about it, get more tax money, rinse and repeat

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5kyl3r t1_j7oo8re wrote

Reply to TIFU by Sending a Confidential Email to the Entire Company by CriticalCrit

> PLEASE REMOVE ME FROM THIS LIST

>> i think this was sent to the wrong dist. list

>>> STOP REPLYING TO THESE EMAILS!!!

>>> this doesn't pertain to me; please remove me

>>>> why am i getting this? i didn't join this list

>>>>> EVERYONE STOP REPLYING TO THIS CHAIN!!!!

>>>>>> the people replying to it saying not to reply are also adding to the problem....

>>>>>>> exchange team please make this stop, my inbox is going to explode

>>>>>>>> HI WHAT IS THIS ABOUT???

>>>>>>>>> unsubscribe

>>>>>>>>>> GOD PLEASE STOP REPLYING TO THESE EMAILS OR AT LEAST STOP HITTING "REPLY ALL"

.......

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5kyl3r t1_j4n62f4 wrote

Reply to How do non electric heat operated fans work? by ranman12953

spoiler alert, they're still electric

they use thermoelectric devices, also known at TEC or Peltier (pell-tee-ayy). they're flat square plates. give it electric current and it moves heat from one side to the other. reverse the electric current and the direction it moves the heat also reverses. but like most things electrical, they work as the opposite type of device. (meaning led makes light but can technically be used to detect light, and speakers make sound but can technically be used as a crude microphone, and motors make motion from electricity, but if you spin them they can generate electricity, etc). if you force heat to move through a peltier, from one side to the other, it will generate electrical current. heat moves from hotter to colder. so they just put a heatsink and fan on the "cold" side, and the "hot" side attaches to the stove. the heat moves through the peltier and into the heatsink. even without the fan, a heatsink will still remove heat. that eventually is enough to move decent amount of heat, to where it starts to generate enough to power the little efficient fan. once the fan starts spinning, it ADDS to the effect, as it helps the heatsink on the cold side remove heat even more quickly, so the faster you move heat through the think, the more juice it generates. that's how they work

before you start thinking of million dollar world saving ideas related to energy, these things are horrendously inefficient. silent dorm room coolers use these. (the ones that make noise are normal compressor and refrigerant based, but the ones that are dead silent use peltiers. well, silent other than maybe the sound of a fan). yes they move heat, if you want to use them as a cooler, but they're like 65% efficient or something, so to move 10 watts worth of heat through the peltier, it will output the 10 watts you move on the hot side, as well as an addition 4.5 watts in efficiency losses, so you have to dissipate 14.5 watts to move 10 watts. that's really bad compared to compressor heat pumps. compressors for example, can do something like move 50 watts of heat while using only 10 watts of electrical power. this is why you don't see peltiers used often for large scale things. they've been used in spacecraft where they are contantly radiating heat out of the crafts, and doing it through a peltier is a free way of generating extra power. they're used in some specific industrial and medical devices too, but usually in specific situations where it needs to be small, simple, silent, etc. they're also limited on how cold the cold side can get. they have a rating of the temperature difference they can create between the hot and cold side. if you stack two of them in series, they call that a cascade. but due to the inefficiency i mentioned, the first stage is usually tiny, and the second stage much larger. if a peltier can pump 10w of heat, but outputs 14.5 watts due to only being 65% efficient, the second peltier has to pump 14.5 watts, and it will also have 45% in losses added to that, so it needs to be larger than the first peltier. if one peltier can make a 40 degree temp difference between the hot and cold side, by cooling the hot side of the first stage with a second peltier, you can get a lower temperature. it a room is 70F and your peltier can get the cold side 30F colder than the hot side, your cold side will hit 40F. but that's not quite freezing, so if you want it to get below freezing, you'd size an even larger peltier to cool the hot side, so it can move the heat from the first stage, as well as the extra heat generated from efficiency related losses, but if it can also create a difference of 30F, then it cools the hot side of the main peltier to 40F, so now it can get another 30F below that, so now it can get to 10F. you can get even colder by stacking layers of these, but 65% efficiency is pretty bad, so this turns into an upside down pyramid of wasted energy pretty quickly and scales out of reason, especially when you consider the cost of aluminum and copper for heatsinks. ok enough rambling, i figured some people who have never heard of these devices might immediately get ideas for things you could do with them, so i thought going into a deep dive ramble might be interesting for some people. if you're into electronics hobby, you can get peltiers on amazon for around $5 per. but don't expect some world changing device. they're neat, but are hindered by their inefficiency. they still have their uses, but they're limited

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5kyl3r t1_j42evo4 wrote

Reply to comment by KungFuHamster in Intel breaks the 6GHz barrier with $699 Core i9-13900KS processor by Avieshek

let's use a simple example

you have 4 LED that is fits in car headlight but only 4 fits because they're huge. it uses 80 watts total (20w each)

next year they release new LED's that are 20% more efficient and half the size, so 16w each. but since they're half the size, you can fit twice as many now. 8 led's * 16w = 128 watts total

this is what happens with cpu's. the size of the transistor shrinks, and so does power use of each transistor. but since they're smaller, the companies pack way more of them onto the processor. if you have enough, it can end up being more power. if they kept the transistor count the same, it would use less power

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5kyl3r t1_j2dfqxk wrote

Reply to Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds by Professional-Ad3441

sounds waves go positive and negative. think of a graph of a sine wave (google it to see a visual). half the time, it's above the line (positive), and half the time it's below the line (negative). that represents the waves moving through the air. that's all sound is. like when you push and pull really quickly on a slinky, you can see the waves ripple down the slinky. sound is like that.

sound waves have what's called a phase. remember the positive and negative thing above? if you reversed the positives and negatives, did you know you still get the same sound? the sound will just be out of phase, but to the person listening, there's no difference. a really really good way to actually hear noise cancelling for yourself is to find a living room setup that has big floor standing speakers. listen to a song with a lot of bass. then on ONE speaker, reverse the wires. meaning connect the + to -, and the - to +. listen to the same song. you'll notice all the bass is nearly gone. that's because waves that have the opposite phase cancel each other out.

think of the times the waves is above the line in the graph as +1. at the point it's crossing the line, it's 0. when it's below the line, it's -1. so one single period, meaning one full section of the wave before it starts repeating over and over, would look like this:

..--.._

or by the numbers we mentioned, like this:

0, +1, 0, -1, 0

now the wave with the opposite phase:

.._..--..

and the numbers for it:

0, -1, 0, +1, 0

now what happens if we add the two waves together?

(0+0), (+1-1), (0+0), (-1+1), (0+0)

0, 0, 0, 0, 0

if we graph that, we just get a flat line. the two waves completely cancel each other out.

in electrical terms, the positive and negative is just voltage, and it's very easy to reverse that with electronics. noise cancelling headphones just have microphones at the edges of your headphones, reverse the wave, and add it to the sound you hear. so if you're listening to music, it'll add the reversed phase wave to your music. you don't hear anything because its values exactly cancel out the original sound. also, this only works because electricity travels nearly at the speed of light, and that's way way way way faster than the speed of sound, so even through the microphone and your ear are only an inch or two apart, it has plenty of time to record, reverse, and add the reversed signal to your audio output. it's really neat stuff

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