If you want two objects of unequal mass to impart the same force the lighter one has to be moving a lot faster than the heavier one.

No there isn't, but trust me when I saw we save a ton of hassle with common conventions like these.

I mean, they are. You can pickle pretty much anything so a lot of times it helps to define what you're talking about exactly. I often see pickled cucumbers being referred to specifically as pickled cucumbers. The real question is why, at least in the western hemisphere, when someone says "pickle" the default assumed is a cucumber.

Because consoles have much fewer variables. There can only be so many things running in the background of a console and the system is always the same. Contrast that with computers, which may have different operating systems or different versions, different systems and a whole bunch more programs or processes running along side the game which may inadvertendly cause issues, it's much harder to account for every possibility in the case of PCs.

Typical communication is unencrypted. This means that the data, the contents of the message, could be read by anyone who has access to them at any point in their journey to the recipient. Maybe your internet connection is compromised and someone can see all the data that comes and goes from your connection. Maybe it's the servers of the service that are compromised or maybe your Internet Service Provider is compromised. Your data passes through all those different networks and servers so it is theoretically possible that someone with access to them could read your messages.

End to end encryption is what it says on the label, it's encrypted. When two users have a chat with each other, an encryption key is generated that only their devices have. This encryption key is used to encrypt and then decrypt the data on either end. Without it the encrypted data makes no sense to anyone who may have access to them and is next to impossible to decrypt without the encryption key. This means that even if for example someone has access to my messenger account, and he has it open on a computer, he still won't be able to see my end to end encrypted chat that I have with someone through my phone, since only my phone and their phone have the encryption keys. That's why it's called end to end. A channel of communication may still be encrypted but not necessarily end to end.

End to end encryption offers significant security and privacy benefits but it's not unbeatable. If someone up to no good wants access to your data there's always ways they can get it. The weakest points are obviously the devices themselves. If malicious software that gathers your data is installed without your knowledge on your device it can simply read the decrypted messages and bypass the need to decrypt entirely. If someone has access to the encrypted data they may still be able to decrypt it if the method of encryption is weak or if they have the ability to brute force it with a suitable system. Lastly there's the question of whether the providers of those services themselves are honest about their encryption. What's App or Messenger may say their messages are end to end encrypted but that doesn't necessarily mean that's the case, in which case it poses a huge vulnerability.

Their orbits are planned out before the mission to begin with. If they weren't no mission would be possible.

The orbits of the planets in our system are well studied, so we know their shape around the sun and the speed the planets have along each part of their orbit, so modelling their orbits into the future is relatively simple. If you've ever wondered how we know before hand when conjuctions will happen or when a comet will pass by or how astrological predictions are made for future dates, that's how. (Astrology isn't a real science but it relies on our good understanding of our solar system).

We also know their mass and their gravitational force, so complex calculations are made that can chart a spacecraft's exact course through space which also determines how much fuel the spacecraft itself needs for maneuvers and how much of its course will rely on the gravitational pull of other celestial bodies. Space is mostly empty, and vast, so the chances of a random piece of debris or asteroid hitting the spacecraft are not zero but they're highly impropable.

Nowadays these calculations are carried out by complex computer modelling but it's not a simple calculation that one can simply write out here. But what you can do is get Universe Sandbox, which is a game that models our solar system fairly well and allows you to change variables or simulate missions which helps visualise and give a much more intuitive understanding of how these things work. In fact there's a whole host of such software but this one I think is a great one for people interested in learning about our solar system, space and how missions work

A car's wheels have to be alligned properly, with each other and the steering wheel. Driving around, hitting potholes, debris, curbs and other things cause a lot of wear and tear and can cause the wheels to go out of allignment, which causes worse handling and accelerated tire wear. So cars have to have their wheels checked and alligned regularly.

I thought he broke his knees on that one. Glad to see he's doing well.

Is this before or after he got clotheslined on a motorcycle?

Unforunately stocking up is not about meeting demand, a large part of it comes down to projecting opulence. A fully stocked super market just "looks good". Supermarkets are not just about selling product but they're usually aimed at specific social classes. A supermarket that's always full and has everything attracts wealthier and more "discerning" customers.

-Where do you work out?

-Callisthenics library

I knew the moment I posted that someone would come along with a tractor drag race.

Torque is the actual power of the engine. Horsepower is the rate at which it is produced. Farm equipment is slow, so with a relatively "weak", low Horsepower, high torque engine, you can get a lot of work done. Heavy flywheel, low revs, almost always diesel, which are big heavy engines with a lot of torque. The right gearbox and the job's done. Nobody's winning any races in a tractor but it can certainly pull a load.

A GPU is almost like a separate computer inside your computer suited to one specific task. It's like having a gaming console attached to your motherboard. A CPU can more or less do anything. After all an "integrated GPU" is really just the CPU doing the job of the graphics card as well as its own. The problem is that for most types of use for a PC, you don't need a GPU at all. Office computers, casual users just browsing the web and watching movies, store computers etc don't really need a GPU, because their tasks do not require lots of processing power. Conversely there's some tasks/activities, like gaming, rendering, cad/cam software and others that do require a lot of processing power, a disproportionate amount compared to most other things. So the solution is to have a "separate" computer inside your computer, with its own processors and its own memory, dedicated to those tasks specifically and since software is written around this industry convention, the GPU will perform those tasks more efficiently. Something like a server, used for different tasks, won't have a GPU at all, but it will have multiple CPUs and tons of storage space because that's the kind of resources it needs for its tasks.

Laws in each jurisdiction differ, but in some jurisdiction certain crimes carry specific sentences. These sentences usually have a minimum and maximum time they can be set to, and someone convicted with multiple charges has to be sentenced for each and every one of them. Also depending on the jurisdiction the judge may have the ability to add more years on top of that on a case by case basis. This is important because cases can be appealed even after sentencing or even reversed if new evidence comes to light. Thus if someone was charged with multiple crimes, but only charged with the one with the highest penalty, if they could successfully appeal against it they'd walk free, whereas when they have multiple sentences for multiple crimes they have to fight each individually, meaning they're much more likely to serve time, even if they can successfully fight one of the charges (which doesn't necessarily mean they were innocent, just that they could argue there wasn't enough evidence against them)

Then we have life imprisonment, which as a sentence can mean different things in different jurisdictions. In some countries it's more or less what it says, imprisonment for the rest of one's natural life unless pardoned or paroled. In other countries however life imprisonment may actually just mean a fixed sentence (of anything from 15 to 45 years) after which they may still be let free. In some jurisdictions sentences on multiple charges can stack even to an unnatural length (being sentenced to 150 years for example), while in others regardless of the charges against someone there may be a maximum year limit to which someone can be sentenced, even if the sentences for each individual crime committed add up to more than that.

So in the case where someone has committed a heinous crime, but the life sentence seems small compared to the act, more years may be added. Basically the important thing to realise here is that 1) Laws may vary a lot from one jurisdiction to another but 2) Legal terms always have a legal definition in their jurisdiction. These terms may often be very confusing since their meaning in common language may mean or imply something different than what they legally are. This is the reason why it's almost always a bad idea to defend yourself in court. The job of a lawyer is more or less knowing these terms and how the system works and help you, because without studying a legal system it's impossible to understand.

There's tons of ways it can happen really. For starters in many cases a country's "global" name, in English or other languages, is dictated by the country itself and is just the native name of the country. For example Turkey recently demanded that it is referred to as Turkiye because they didn't like the fact that the name was the same as the bird. At least in all official diplomatic/academic/informational contexts, this has to be observed.

Some countries are named after their people, who had names as loosely defined ethnic groups long before modern day countries and borders were a thing (France/Britain/Germany for example).

Some times a country may have multiple different names in multiple different languages. It really depends where each language "got it from". Depending on various cultural and historical contexts a language may take a country's name and other words as loanwords from another language that introduced them to it. For example the Romans and Greeks were well travelled peoples, or held vast territories, and had writing and record keeping systems as well as languages that were spread far and wide due to their influence, so for many languages things like region names may be loaned from Latin or Greek. In the case of Japan they were a closed off nation and mostly came in contact with neighboring countries until European trade companies made their way there, so many words and place names in Japanese are loaned from English for example.

It's also affected by the intricacies of each different language. Some times names mean something in their native language and they're translated etymologically in other languages, so the end result sounds completely different but means the same, or the name is phonetically adapted to the other languages but due to differences in writing systems and spelling it may sound similar, but still different.

Basically, there's tons of different ways something like a country name may be adopted into a language, and the study of the origin of words themselves is tricky by itself since some words can very easily be traced back centuries while other have a very hazy and confusing history, so really there's no rule for coming up with country names in other languages, you have to examine it case by case, as in per language and per country name in said language.

In the case of Japan in English there's various theories, none concrete though. This article illustrates the issue a bit, while also providing a possible origin

>The origin of the name Japan is not certain, but researchers say it probably came from the Malayan ″Japung″ or the Chinese ″Riben,″ meaning roughly land of the rising sun.

Historians say the Japanese called their country Yamato in its early history, and they began using Nippon around the seventh century. Nippon and Nihon are used interchangeably as the country’s name.

In general the names of countries and regions in different languages is a product of the history of the world itself. War, Empires, Trade, have all impacted this throughout the ages.

Not all therapists suit all patients and some times finding the right one is a difficult process. If we oversimplify things the basic thing they do is change your perspective. A lot of our emotional or mental problems may stem from our environment but many times we get ourselves into a mental loop that keeps us there. Ultimately nobody can "fix" someone else, everyone has to do that for themselves, but the job of the therapist is to help guide someone through this process and provide a different perspective, without just talking out of their ass, which any friend or family member can do.

The first and most important part is knowing what you're there for. "Wanting to feel better" is not enough, you have to have goals in mind. Some times if the source of the problem is unclear they can help you find what it is but a mistake many people make is expect too much from them without giving any feedback to them. It's a cooperative process, they can't just lecture you and make you feel better. A common problem is that a lot of people think they're "doing their part" by going to therapy, but other than going to therapy and venting they're not actually doing anything different in the rest of their time and lives. Going to therapy means being willing to try stuff out, making an effort, even if it doesn't always work the first time.

But when it works it can help you get yourself unstuck. It changes your perspective on yourself and your surroundings, helps you negotiate relationships with others better and help you deal with future issues better.

It makes their job harder since they not only have to clean a clog but also do it at risk of coming into contact with dangerous chemicals. Also a lot of people are a bit too liberal with their use of chemical clog removers and that can damage piping and cause leaks, especially in the case where you use them but the clog does not clear. Now on one hand for a plumber that's a good thing, because it's expensive to repair, but it's a lot of work, and it's difficult, and people often give plumbers the stink eye for asking for a lot of money without recognizing the fact that they caused the damage.

Love triangles aren't necessarily "circular" as in each person likes another but no pairs of mutual feelings form. It could be one person liked by two people or one person unsure how to decide from two people.

I understand the urge to stick your head in there, but I got my head stuck once when I was 4 years old so I've learned my lesson. It was actually a pretty chill affair overall so it's not like it's a traumatic experience or anything. I just know I won't get a pass for it now that I'm not a toddler.

In the old times people died a lot more than they do today, and many had various accidents. From the way people died or the way they were affected by accidents they were able to roughly deduce the role of each of our organs and what they do and how they affect us. Doctors did exist and they did examine patients post mortem as well as attempt surgery, with varying results. Also the same applied to animals, and people were able to understand that animals such as deer or livestock had the same organs as us so this allowed for further observation and experimentation.

Overall while there may have been several misconceptions and mysteries throughout history a surprising amount was understood about our bodies. Figuring out that the brain in particular is the center of thought and sense of self is relatively easy since they could easily observe how injury to the brain or other ailments like tumors could affect one's faculties.

It's to prevent misuse of funds and overspending. In a big organisation like a company not every single person working in that company is aware of how much money they have and how its being spent, there's departments whose jobs it is to do that but the rest of the people working in the company don't know, aside from some management positions who usually get an abridged run down of expenses. Smaller branches of bigger companies or organisations have their own accounting departments that are in charge of tracking expenses, making the budget and requesting money from the central accounting department.

So from the point of view of central management they prefer not giving out more money than is needed because that could lead to misuse, or at the very least unnecessary spending. From the point of view of smaller subdivisions though they prefer their budget not being reduced because in the off chance they have unexpected expenses their budget doesn't cover, requesting money and getting it approved is a long drawn out process. Also it's less work for them to receive lump sums and allocate them as they see fit than having to individually calculate and predict all expenses to a near zero margin of error, because that's pretty much impossible but also a lot more work for them. So the general tactic is to track spending for some time and once they get an average of yearly spending to request a bit more than that which gives them more leeway with spending, and is less work for them. The year goes by and expenses are covered and catalogued, and when the year is nearing its end if they see they have left over money they simply find ways to spend the money which justifies them receiving it in the first place, so that to central management it will seem like they need that amount every year so they'll get it next year too. If they find themselves short on cash it gives off the impression that either their accounting department/management is incompetent or that they're overspending, even if that's not the case.

TL;DR, it looks better when a smaller subdivision requests the same amount of money every year. If they request more than they initially got it seems like they're incompetent or overspending. It's less work for them and easier to operate with a budget that allows leeway instead of trying to fine tune it to be exact, which is impossible since there's always unexpected expenses popping up throughout the year. Central management on the other hand does not want to overspend because that cuts into profits and of course they want to prevent embezzlement, so all money allocated has to be accounted for and spent on something with the receipts and invoices to prove it.

Tetanus is caused by bacteria. It's a common misconception that this bacteria is inherently found on rusted metal but that's not true, it's found in soil. We've been taught that getting injured on a rusted piece of metal can cause tetanus because for starters, it's more likely to find rusted metal outside than inside, and secondly, it's more likely that rusted metal will injure you than non rusted metal since generally speaking people don't just leave out sharp or dangerous pieces of metal around, but rusted metal can still cut someone because of how the metal turns from smooth to jagged.

If you get cut on rusted metal at a playground for example it could very well contain tetanus, or a fence, or a sign post, or something like that, because it's outside and driven into soil. Rusted metal that's not come in contact with any possible sources of tetanus bacetria can't just have them because it's rusted.

Grab and go batteries for what exactly? Lead acid batteries for gasoline powered motorcycles or batteries meant for electric scooters and mopeds?

For starters when I saw modular batteries I mean batteries in which you can swap out individual cells as the original post suggests, not whole batteries you can swap in and out of a vehicle. Secondly though car makers could standardise batteries between them this would severely limit them in many ways. We like to think of batteries as the equivalent of a gas tank in an internal combustion car but that's not exactly the case. Yes batteries store an amount of power inside but the role of the fuel pump is also up to the battery, that is the rate at which it can charge or discharge has to do with the battery. Moreover the weight and shape of the battery changes from manufacturer to manufacturer and in many cases the battery housing serves as a structural member. This means that not only the capacity and therefore range are determined by the battery but also the charging times, power output, vehicle handling and weight distribution and chassis construction. So if you limited manufacturers on using a specific set of batteries, they'd all basically have to make the same cars, just with different looks. Two cars using the same battery but different electric motors would still have the same maximum power output at the wheels which is limited by the battery, a stronger motor wouldn't be able to draw power at a faster rate to output more power to the wheels.

Oh hey, an old school photo where the high schoolers don't all look to be 30