Are you referring to CBD research not being allowed, or just general research on “health conditions”?

Because in either case I don’t know what you’re talking about. You’re literally looking at a study about using CBD to treat a health condition.

Yeah but making this meso-structured carbon is still a very effective way to improve material properties, and seems to be a better alternative to carbon fiber rather than carbon nanotubes.

I’m not sure, it may just be “carbon fiber”, which is much more common and easier to produce since it’s only micro-structured and not nano-. This material seems like it would be good in that application, though.

This is a cool paper, but it’s title is somewhat misleading. The process they use does create carbon nanotubes (CNT), but it creates them in a very messy mixture of other nano-structured carbon. Their material surpasses other CNT production methods because most CNT researchers aren’t looking for physical properties like tensile strength. CNTs do have really good physical properties in polymer composites, but that’s a pretty underwhelming application for them. The article here even lists applications for CNTs that do not apply to this mixture, which is pretty misleading.

The layman’s TLDR for this paper is “we found that if you process waste plastic in this way, you can reinforce other plastic with it to make it even stronger.”

This answer, while not incorrect, doesn’t answer OP’s question. OP basically asked “how do we know light has a wavelength” and your answer says “it has a wavelength”.

That’s never stopped people from posting here before. At least this one has an accurate title.

Thanks! It seems obvious in retrospect that protein folding is the mechanism here. Biochem was never my forte.

What is a cold receptor? What stimuli does it measure, and why would a chemical cause it to misfire?

It depends what you mean by “work as described”. If you mean that taking a B12 supplement will increase your B12 levels and accommodate for a deficiency, then yes, vitamins do work as intended.

If you mean the claims you often see such as “vitamin C cures colds” or “B12 increases energy and focus” then you’re correct in saying that they do not work that way.

Vitamins have been shown to increase factors like energy or overall health (more than placebo) if and only if the person has a prior deficiency.

Non-vitamin supplements are somewhat different as some of them are pharmacologically active and can do things like constrict or dilate your veins. There isn’t a hard line between supplements and drugs, meaning some supplements can have a psychoactive effect as well.

Because the law requires an arbitrary limit in order to apply it to everyone equally. It’s not like on your 18th birthday you’re magically a mature adult who can be trusted to sign a mortgage. But medical care requires a much more individual approach which varies person to person. Someone who is 16 could be evaluated by a professional (who has “the ability to assess capacity to assent/consent”) to determine if they understand the situation and are of sound mind to make the decision.

This is by far a more effective way of determining one’s ability to consent. But they’re not going to have you get a professional examination every time you go to the bank for a loan. They just make sure you’re 18+ and assume you’re capable.

What do you mean “advocacy group”? They’re medical professionals who construct guidelines on how to treat patients with a certain condition. There’s a bunch of groups just like this who make guidelines for a bunch of different conditions.