I'm guessing you're american.

Off the top of my head, Europe's largest and most well maintained armies are the french, the British, and the German.

And after looking it up, Spain, Italy, and Poland does come in at 4'th, 5'th and 6'th, with half the combined military spending of the liberal economies, despite similar population sizes.

For christs sake, France, the most left leaning country in Europe has an enormous weapons industry, and exports everything from battleships and fighter planes, to rifles and munitions, while also being one of the worlds major nuclear powers.

unless you want to redefine the word time, and its meaning or move it to a philosophical discussion sub before continuing, i refuse to have this discussion.

yes, radiation began occuring, which means that the velocity needed to escape the gravity well fell below the speed of light, also known as C, so named because its the speed of causality.

radiation occuring is the beginning of causality in our universe, as time is the passing of events, it hardly makes sense to discuss a time before causality.

its really not.

think of a black hole, at the event horizon (named such because of this effect) the escape velocity = C (causality), if you're positioned there, you will appear to be frozen in time for everyone from the outside observing, while from your perspective the entirety of the rest of time will flash by in a litteral instant.

now, since energy cant be created out of nothing, and mass is directly related to energy, if you trace back the expansion of the universe, you reach a point where the entirety of the universe had similar density to a black hole.

now, as our human concept of time is the linear passing of events through causality, and the laws of physics explicitly forbids anything prior to the expansion event to have any influence on events after, it makes no sense to talk about "time".

there may or may not have been some similar set of rules that governed the universe, im nowhere near smart enough to have an opinion on that, but unless you want to redefine what time means, it doesnt really make sense to talk about time prior to the expansion event.

sorry, ill try to be serious instead of sarcastic, this is /science after all.

a flat spacetime very much leaves the door open for an infinitely large universe, but right now we're talking about how old it is.

Thats what redshift is, and they're using that "distortion" to measure the age of the galaxies.

And others say that if you trace back the expansion of the universe you get a pretty decent estimate of how old a galaxy could possibly be.

But since only one of them is a testable hypothesis, i guess we'll never know which is more likely.

thats not anywhere near the same as overclocking. nor is it acceptable business practice.

if you want a suitable IT analogy, its like pre-installed ransomware, it locks down parts of your devices functionality until you give in to the blackmail and pay up.

this is not at all comparable to overclocking.

overclocking exists because chip manufacturing has always had a very high variance in product quality, due to extremely complex designs. instead of testing the limits of each individual chip, several sets of minimum standards, used for product segmentation due to performance differences, are put in place during the prototyping stages of chip design. chips are then tested against those minimum standards.

since the standards for each product segment are minimum standards, most chips will have additional performance headroom left over if the user chooses to tune that specific chip for its specific pecularities.

in contrast, electrical engines are very simple constructions, and the manufacturing tolerances are much much smaller, meaning that engineers know pretty much exactly what the performance limit is during the design phase, way before even prototyping.

Could it also be that maybe more modern music and film's have a higher tendency to not stand out in any memorable way?